NS 315 Unit 7: Water Soluble Vitamins

1. NS 315Unit 7: Water Soluble Vitamins Jeanette Andrade MS,RD,LDN,CDE Kaplan University

2. What are we going to learn about tonight? Vitamin C Vitamin B1 Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic Acid Biotin Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 Objectives

3. Vitamin C • Also known as ascorbic acid • We have to obtain vitamin C through the diet • RDAs: • Males 19-70 years old 90 mg/day • Females 19-70 years old 75 mg/day • Smokers males 19+ 125 mg/day • Smokers females 19+ 110 mg/day • What foods contain Vitamin C?

4. Functions of Vitamin C Required for the synthesis of collagen Required for the synthesis of neurotransmitter; norepinephrine Required for synthesis of carnitine (fat oxidation) Effective antioxidant

5. Deficiency of Vitamin C • The more severe deficiency- scurvy occurs with lack of vitamin C in the diet • Scurvy: • Rare in United States, but can occur in malnourished and alcoholics • Bruising, bleeding gums and dental problems, anemia and dry hair http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec12/ch154/ch154i.html

6. Toxicity of Vitamin C • Up to 2 gm of vitamin C per day causes no adverse effects • Most common problems are abdominal pain and osmotic diarrhea (due to unabsorbed vitamin C) • At risk populations: Renal disease patients, hemochromatosis, thalassemia and sideroblastic anemia patients

7. Vitamin B1 • Also known as Thiamin or Aneurine • Phosphorylated forms: Thiamin monophosphate (TMP), Thiamin triphosphate (TTP), and Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) • RDAs for Thiamin: • Males 19-70 years old 1.2 mg/day • Females 19-70 years old 1.1 mg/day • What foods contain Thiamin?

8. Functions of Thiamin Thiamin • Coenzyme function as TPP • Assists in pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase • Coenzyme needed in Pentose Phosphate Pathway, an alternate for glucose oxidation

9. Some Thiamin Containing Enzymes http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-2/IMAGES/Page138.gif

10. Deficiency of Thiamin • Primary deficiency: people consuming white rice or highly refined carbohydrates in developing countries (Beriberi) and alcoholics (Wernicke- Korsakoff Syndrome) • Secondary deficiency: Increased demand, impaired absorption, impaired metabolism • 3 common Beriberis: • Dry • Wet • Infantile http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch004/ch004f.html

11. Beriberi • Dry: • Peripheral neurologic deficits • Effect mainly lower extremities and with continued deficiency will effect the arms • Wet (cardiovascular): • Vasodilation, tachycardia and lactic acidosis • Heart failure develops • Infantile • Occurs in infants (3-4 weeks old), breastfed by thiamin deficient mothers • Heart failure- may occur suddenly http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch004/ch004f.html

12. Riboflavin • 2 coenzyme derivatives: • Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) • Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) • RDAs for males 19-70 years: 1.3 mg/day • RDAs for females 19-70 years: 1.1 mg/day • What foods contain riboflavin?

13. Functions of Riboflavin • Flavoproteins provide most roles in the body: • Electron Transport Chain • PDHC • Beta oxidation • Various mineral and vitamin metabolism Riboflavin http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=63

14. Deficiency of Riboflavin • No clear deficiency, but can occur • Alcoholics • Congenital Heart disease • Some cancers http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/phil/html/riboflavin-deficiency/3990.html

15. Vitamin B3: Niacin Water soluble vitamin B3 Nicotinamide is a derivative of niacin and used to form the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) RDAs Males 19-70 years old 16 mg/day Females 19-70 years old 14 mg/day What foods contain Niacin?

16. Functions of Niacin Oxidation- Reduction Reactions Krebs or TCA cycle Glycolysis Beta oxidation Non-redox reactions Mainly occurring in bacteria Niacin or Vitamin B3

17. Deficiency of Niacin Usually occurring in developing countries Primary deficiency: Pellagra Extreme deficiency in both niacin and tryptophan Most common physical attributes are dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia Can be cured with supplements Secondary deficiency: Alcoholism, Diarrhea and Cirrhosis http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch004/ch004d.html

18. Toxicity of Niacin Sometimes used in large amounts to reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels and to increase HDL cholesterol General symptoms are flushing

19. Pantothenic Acid • Once referred to as Vitamin B5 • No RDAs, but AI or Adequate intake • Males and females >19 years: 5 mg • What foods is pantothenic acid found in?

20. Pantothenic Acid • Functions: • Component of CoA • Participates in Cellular Metabolisms: • Carbohydrate • Protein • Lipid Pantothenic Acid http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantothenic_acid_structure.svg

21. Deficiency of Pantothenic Acid • Burning Feet Syndrome • Malnourished population: • Alcoholism • Diabetes • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

22. Biotin • Also known as vitamin B7 • No RDAs, but Adequate Intake (AI) • Men and women >19 years of age: 30 µg • What foods contain Biotin?

23. Functions of Biotin • Considered a coenzyme with: • Pyruvate Carboxylase • Acetyl CoA carboxylase • Propionyl CoA carboxylase Biotin http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/biotin.html

24. Deficiency of Biotin • Usually occurs when consuming raw eggs in excess amounts • Gastrointestinal disorders • Pregnancy • Genetic defects http://mark.asci.ncsu.edu/Nutrition/NutritionSlides/38.jpg

25. Folate Water soluble B-complex vitamin Folic acid is the more stable form and not found in foods or humans, but in supplements and fortified foods Folate containing molecules are found in foods and humans RDA for folate: Males and Females 14 years old+ 400 µg/day What foods contain folate?

26. Functions of Folate Reproduction and maintenance of cells Needed to make DNA and RNA Needed to make red blood cells to prevent anemia in adults and children Folic acid http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/984001430.html

27. Fig. 9-28, p. 350

28. Folate Deficiency Toxicity • What can happen with folate deficiency? • For pregnant women, can give birth to low weight, neural tube defect infants • Infants and children can have slow growth • What type of anemia may occur with both folate and vitamin B12 deficiency? Very uncommon in both foods and supplements due to it is a water soluble vitamin and can be excreted in the urine, but it can happen

29. Vitamin B12 • Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin are the forms of vitamin B12 used in the human body • RDA for males and females 19-70 years old 2.4 mcg/day • What foods contain Vitamin B12 ?

30. Functions of Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 • Cofactor for methionine synthase • Cofactor for L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase • Cobalamin is the cofactor for this enzyme

31. Vitamin B12 Necessary for Folate Function • Methylcobalamin is required for the function of the folate-dependent enzyme, methionine synthase • This enzyme is required for the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine

32. Vitamin B12 Deficiency Toxicity Pernicious anemia Food bound vitamin B12 malabsorption Atrophic gastritis Who may be more affected with vitamin B12 deficiency? None has been seen with food or supplements even as high as 1000mcg/day

33. Vitamin B6 • 3 forms of vitamin B6 • pyridoxal (PL) • pyridoxine (PN) • pyridoxamine (PM) • The principal coenzyme factor, pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) has the most important function in humans • Must be obtained from the diet • RDAs for males and females 19-50 years old is 1.3 mg/day • What foods contain vitamin B6 ?

34. Functions of Vitamin B6 PLP is the main cofactor in multiple enzyme reactions for humans to function: Nervous System: Neurotransmitters are synthesized with PLP- dopamine, serotonin Red blood cell formation: Synthesis in heme Niacin Formation: PLP synthesizes tryptophan to niacin Hormone function: PLP binds to steroid receptors to inhibit the binding of steroid hormones Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Coenzyme for mobilization in a single one carbon metabolism

35. Vitamin B6 Deficiency Uncommon, unless you are an alcoholic Toxicity Usually when taking the form of B6 : pyridoxine in supplements over an extended period of time