REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE in COLORADO

1. REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE in COLORADO AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH Lakshman Guruswamy, Ph.D Director Energy Environment Security Initiative (EESI) Nicholas Doman Professor of International Environmental Law University of Colorado at Boulder

2. CDPHE CO2 REDUCTION PROJECTS EMISSIONS TRADING (UPSTREAM) GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION &(DOWNSTREAM) TERRESTRIAL SEQUESTRATION (DOWNSTREAM

3. U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, 1960-2030 (quadrillion Btu) History Projections Liquid Fuels & Other Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Renewables Annual Energy Outlook 2007

4. U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1980-2030 (million metric tons) 8,114 in 2030 History Projections 7,119 in 2020 6,365 in 2010 7,950 in 2030 6,944 in 2020 6,214 in 2010 Carbon Dioxide Emission Intensity, 1980-2030 (metric tons per million 2000 dollars of GDP) 488 in 2010 406 in 2020 351 in 2030 486 in 2010 407 in 2020 353 in 2030 Annual Energy Outlook 2006 and 2007

6. BARRY COMMONERS LAWS • Everything is Connected to Everything Else. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all. • 2. Everything Must Go Somewhere. There is no "waste" in nature and there is no “away” to which things can be thrown. • 3. Nature Knows Best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change in a natural system is, says Commoner, “likely to be detrimental to that system.” • 4. There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. In nature, both sides of the equation must balance, for every gain there is a cost, and all debts are eventually paid.

7. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS • thermodynamics studies the behavior of energy flow in natural systems • The first law of thermodynamics is often called the Law of Conservation of Energy energy can be transferred from one system to another in many forms. However, it can not be created nor destroyed. Thus, the total amount of energy available in the Universe is constant.

8. MASS OR MATERIALS BALANCE • Energy from carbon can be transferred from Geosphere to Ecosphere and Atmosphere but cannot be destroyed • Materials Balance is an Accounting of material entering and leaving a system • Provides insights for regulating the carbon balance so as not to overload the Atmosphere

9. ENERGY & MATERIALS BALANCE E Energy ENERGY

10. Solar Radiation (Teff ~ 6000K mainly UV, optical and IR) Earth’s Radiation(Teff ~ 300K mainly IR) Energy & Material Flows in the Economy Needs & Wants high-entropy Energy Services Low- Entropy Energy Sink for: Wastes & Emissions Products Materials Production Anthroposphere Ecosphere/Environment • All materials that enter the economic system will eventually leave it • Large amounts of low-entropy energy are needed to drive the economic system • All economic activity is essentially dissipative of both energy and materials

11. HOURGLASS DIAGRAMS ENTROPY HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

14. Overview • Look Beyond methods of waste treatment and disposal. • Reduce waste throughout the total material cycle. • 1. Make changes within each stage: design and efficiency. • 2. Make changes between the stages: loops • 3. Make changes beyond the stages: rethinking • Opportunity: Help Colorado become world leader in smart design, use and reuse of products and effective use and reuse of natural resources.

15. Broad “stages” of industrial activities: • Extraction of materials: mining, oil drilling, agriculture, forestry, fishery… • Processing of primary materials: cement and metal production, oil refining, food and wood processing… • Primary fabricating: tube and wire, plastics, paper construction… • Manufacturing: motors, cars, plastic and paper cups… • Use of materials and products by public • Recycling or disposal of used materials

16. “Classes of environmental concerns” regarding the potential impacts of each class of activities: • ¨Human health: carcinogenic, respiratory, eye/ear, esthetic… • ¨Ecosystems: biodiversity, animals, fish, plants… • ¨Materials/energy resources: ore and fossil fuel reserves, forests… • ¨Solid residues: municipal or industrial solid wastes • ¨Liquid emissions: inorganic and organic contaminants of fresh and ocean waters • ¨Gas emissions: inorganic and organic gases and particulate matter emitted to the atmosphere

17. Biomimicry

19. ENERGY ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS

20. TRACKING POWER PLANT WASTE STREAMS • Steam to: • Bioplant • Yeast to Pig Farmers • Fermentation Sludge to Other Farmers • Waste Heat: • Re-cycled via Municipality of Kalundborg • To Fish Farm which sends Sludge to Local Farmers • Volatile Ashes: to Oil Refinery • Steam: to Paper Factory • Gypsum: to Plasterboard Factory • Sludge: to Road Construction

21. Tracking Refinery Waste Streams • Gas: • Plaster Board Plant • Electricity Plant • Sulfur: • Sulfuric Acid Plant

22. ENERGY ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS

24. How much impact can carbon sequestration have on greenhouse gases? It has been estimated that 20 percent or more of targeted CO2 emission reductions could be met by agriculture soil carbon sequestration.

25. Farm

26. Smart Farm Moderate Cost Potentially Large Supply Pros Makes Use Of Waste Low Net CO2 Potential to Restore Degraded Land Facility Can Be Placed On Unused Farm Land

27. Possible Problems • Nonrenewable is not sustainably harvested • Potential for high environmental impact if not properly done • The process can take a long time Source: Miller, Living in the Environment, Thompson 2005

28. Current Efforts • John Deere participates with NREL, DOE, and AFUP to develop a heavy-duty natural gas engine. • The engines had increased HP and MPG.  Rural China uses over 500,000 biogas digesters. Burning the methane from these digesters yield more energy than directly burning the material.  300 wells drilled in U.S. landfills provide millions of people with energy.  1/4 of the electricity and 1/10 of the heating for the BMW plant in Spartanburg, S.C. comes from landfill methane. Sources: On Road Development of John Deere 6081 Natural Gas Engine, NREL 2001; Miller, Living in the Environment, Thompson 2005

30. 1. Coal-fired plant owned by Goodland Energy Resources 2. Ethanol plant by E. Caruso 3. Biodiesel plant by ReNewable Energy Resources Cogen Electricity Co gen waste (steam) to make Ethanol Ethanol waste sludge for Biodiesel GOODLAND KANSAS EXAMPLE

31. FUTURE US EMISSIONS WITH CAP &TRADE (CT) • 2007 EIA Analysis of Sen. Bingaman’s suggested amendments of EPAct 2005 • Projected 44% increase by 2030 • Projected 21% increase with CT, Energy Efficiency, Renewables & Nuclear • Contrast with 6% below 1990 levels required by Kyoto

32. EESI REPORT ON EMISSIONS TRADING • Offset Projects for Renewable Energy & Production Methods (to include Extraction, Processing) • Efficiency Projects Through Rate base Changes ( to include Generation, Use, Recycling & Waste Disposal) • This could be a start for an approach based on Industrial Ecology.

34. COLORADO CHALLENGE • DEPLOY WASTE MANAGEMENT SKILLS & POLLUTION CONTROL EXPERTISE OF CDPHE • CREATE BROADER FRAMEWORK OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY & MATERIALS BALANCE • REDUCE RELIANCE ON FOSSIL FUEL BY RECYCLING, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, CONSERVATION & RENEWABLES • CUT DOWN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS