How have urbanization and economic development of East Asia created environmental concerns?

1. How have urbanization and economic development of East Asia created environmental concerns?

2. It is estimated that by 2025 China will become the world’s leading producer of greenhouse gases Chinese demands pose threats to biodiversity as far away as Africa

6. Respiratory and heart diseases related to air pollution are the leading cause of death in China 75% of energy production in China is still dependent on coal

8. The water quality in 40% of the rivers in China are unsafe to drink Air pollution in China is reported to kill 700,000 people a year

9. It was estimated the Chinese economy lost $112 billion in lost labor and healthcare costs in 2005 China produces 46% of the world’s steel which contributes to air pollution

10. China has the 2nd largest number of automobiles in the world, nearly 230 million and growing Environmental standards are lower in China than most other nations

11. Urbanization Environmental Facts • Taiwan and Japan are mountainous countries which forces people to live in confined spaces • As people came to take advantage of the mountains’ resources, water pollution, soil erosion, landslides, forest fires, and flooding occurred • Some areas of the land are threatened with destruction and some wildlife species are threatened with extinction

12. Cities struggle with dangerous levels of air, water, and noise pollution, and disposal of solid and toxic wastes • Nuclear power plants, international airports, commercial ports, fishing harbors, industrial parks, and fish farms are having a devastating impact on the coastal environment • Illegal dumping of toxic chemicals is a big issue • High-density cities burn their trash to lack of space

13. The Three Gorges Dam has blocked approximately 10 million tons of plastic bags, bottles, and other debris More than 265 billion gallons of raw sewage are dumped into the Yangtze River annually

16. Habitat loss has left pandas endangered There are less than 2,500 mature pandas left in the wild 99% of the panda’s diet is bamboo Urbanization cuts down the bamboo

17. Pollution from China affecting Japan: • 40% of air pollutants • observed in the Kyushu • region in 2007 • originated from China • 30% of smog in Tokyo • came from China • Emissions of nitrogen • oxide in China and other • East Asian countries has • doubled since 1985

18. Acid rain and acid snow has destroyed pine and other trees - 40% of the trees 1 part of Japan were damaged in 2005 In 2010 pollutants were estimated to have caused 8,600 premature deaths in 4 Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Xian)

19. How has East Asia made an impact in the global economy?

20. The economy of East Asia is 1 of the most successful regional economies in the world Trade is relatively open having zero or low duties on imports of consumer and capital goods

21. Large and flexible labor market has helped promote economic performance East Asian people have demonstrated rapid learning capabilities, such as new technology

22. A global economy has developed in which nations are dependent upon one another for goods and services The nations of East Asia used their supplies of cheap labor to become manufacturing powerhouses

23. Global Economy Facts • China has made the largest contribution to the growth rate worldwide over 13% since 2001 • In 2005 China contributed 14.3% to the world economy growth • Japan contributed 10.3% to the world economy growth in 2005 • The United States peaked in 34.5% shares of global imports and exports in 2000 and declined to 22.6% in 2007

24. China is now a significant player in world production, consumption, trade, international finance, and the environment

25. China became the world’s largest international trader in 2009 • China could have the largest economy in the world within the next 20 years

26. From 1985 – 2000 China profited more from globalization than any other country in the world • China is currently a key economic and political power • China is now the 2nd greatest importer of oil • US lost 15 million jobs between 1995 – 2002 • The demand from China has driven up prices of many natural resources (wood, soy beans, rubber, etc.)

27. Japan has the world’s 3rd largest economy Japan has the 2nd largest holder of U.S. debt securities Malaysia, Thailand, Poland, Hungary, Turkey, and Argentina have been forced to reduce tariffs due to East Asia’s economy

28. China’s economic growth in 2012 was at 7.9% which was lower than 9.3% in 2011 East Asia’s economy is fueled by large investment projects

29. East Asia was expected to contribute almost 40% of global economic growth in 2012 Poverty is decreasing with people earning under $2 a day decreasing to 23.3% by the end of 2014

30. JAKOTA TRIANGLE • Japan • Korea (South) • Taiwan • Became the most • powerful nations of the • Pacific Rim during the • 1980s and 1990s

31. East Asia • It emphasizes education and the promotion of knowledge • It directs investment into high productivity planning • Countries protects various industries with the promotion of trade to increase exports • Countries made a direct investment in the market

32. GDP of East Asia

35. What have been the costs and benefits of China’s one child policy?

36. 1979 law that prohibits about 1/3 of China’s population from having a 2nd child The policy’s primary goal is to keep a low birthrate

38. The policy limits urban families to a single child and most strictly applies to Han Chinese living in urban areas It does not apply to ethnic minorities throughout the country

39. Han Chinese families living in rural areas can apply to have a 2nd child if the 1st child is a girl “Later, Longer, Fewer” policy is the cornerstone of China’s birth control program

41. One Child Policy Facts • The Han Chinese represent more than 91% of the Chinese population • In rural areas, Han Chinese families can apply to have a 2nd child if the first child is a girl • A couple is usually permitted to have a 2nd child if the first child is born with birth defects or major health problems • Families who are permitted to have a 2nd child usually have to wait three to four years after the birth of the 1st child

42. The policy has been successful at reducing the population growth, particularly in the cities Women in China used to average having 6 children, now the number is below 2

43. The one-child policy has reported prevented 300 million births • The reduction of population has helped pull people out of poverty and helped promote China’s economic growth

44. Rewards • Rewards for families observing the One Child Policy: • Higher wages • Better schooling • Preferential treatment in obtaining government assistance and loans • Better employment • Retirement funds

45. Couple with one child are given a “one-child certificate” entitling them to such benefits as: • Cash bonuses – an extra month’s salary every year until the child is 14 • Longer maternity leave • Better child care • Preferential housing assignments

46. Punishment for Violation • Sanctions for families who violate the One Child Policy include: • Fines – from $370 to $12,800 depending on the region • Employment termination • Difficulty in obtaining government assistance • Forced abortion (up to 9 month of pregnancy) and sterilization

47. Impact on Females • There is now a ratio of 114 males for every 100 females. The average is 105 males born for every 100 females worldwide. • Female children are at risk to: • Abortion – there were 14.4 million abortions in 1983 • Reports of more than 1 million abortions are carried out each year • Neglect • Abandonment at a high rate

48. There are more females attending college than ever in China Improved education has provided access for females to get better paying jobs

49. Debate on the Policy • Housing shortages in urban areas could be partly responsible for the decline in birth rate • The right to sell and grow agriculture in rural areas reduced the need to rely on children to work in the fields • Improvement in education and women working could have caused the need for more children to drop

50. Children are not an economic asset to the family income in the cities • China is expected to achieve zero population growth by 2025 • The policy could be worsening the aging crisis • Not enough young workers to support the aging population