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UNIT II: POPULATION

UNIT II: POPULATION. WHERE IN THE WORLD DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY? WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE OR FALL IN PARTICULAR PLACES? WHY DOES POPULATON COMPOSITION MATTER? HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS? HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE?. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

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UNIT II: POPULATION

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  1. UNIT II: POPULATION • WHERE IN THE WORLD DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY? • WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE OR FALL IN PARTICULAR PLACES? • WHY DOES POPULATON COMPOSITION MATTER? • HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS? • HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE?

  2. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE • 2.1 RATE NEEDED TO KEEP NATION AT OR ABOVE REPLACEMENT LEVEL WITHOUT IMMIGRATION • DECLINING

  3. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

  4. WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY? • POPULATION – ACROSS SPACE • DEMOGRAPHY • POP. DENSITY – MEAUSRE OF TOTAL POPULATION RELATIVE TO LANDSIZE • *ARITHMETIC POP. DENSITY • *EVEN DISTRIBUTION OVER LAND

  5. MAPS, POP. DENSITY

  6. WORLD POPULATION DENSITY

  7. EXAMPLES • USA, 81 PSM • BANGLADESH, 2738 PSM • EGYPT, 203, PSM • SEE CIA WORLD FACTBOOK

  8. POPULATION DENSITY • PHYSIOLOGICAL – POP. PER AREA OF ARABLE LAND • *EX. EGYPT, 6776 PSM • POP. DISTRIBUTIONS – LOCATION WHERE PEOPLE LIVE • NOT EVEN DISTRIBUTION BY CONTINENT OR NATION

  9. GLOBAL SCALE, POP. DENSITY • DOT MAPS, P. 42, 43 • POP. CLUSTERS • 1. EAST ASIA • 2. SOUTH ASIA • 3. EUROPE • 4. NORTH AMERICA • WHERE? MAJOR CITIES, RIVER VALLEYS, COAST • #’S 1, 2, 3, OVER 4 BILLION PEOPLE

  10. EAST ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA

  11. EUROPE

  12. NORTH AMERICA

  13. NORTH AMERICA • URBAN (CITY) AREA, E. COAST • WASHINGTON D.C. TO BOSTON, MASS. • MEGALOPOLIS, URBAN AGGLOMERATION • CENSUS, POP. COUNT, EVERY 10 YRS

  14. WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE AND FALL IN DIFFERENT PLACES? • THOMAS MALTHUS, AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION, 1798 • POPULATION INCREASING FASTER THAN FOOD SUPPLY • WHAT HAPPENS IN ONE SCALE AFFECTS ANTOHER AT SAME TIME • WORLD, REGIONAL, NATIONAL, LOCAL

  15. THOMAS MALTHUS

  16. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL • THE SHIFT IN POPULATION GROWTH • The Demographic transition (DT) used to represent the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson. Thompson observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years.

  17. DTM, 5 STAGES • STAGE 1 - In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance.

  18. DTM • STAGE 2 - That of a developing country, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. These changes usually come about due to improvements in farming techniques, access to technology, basic healthcare, and education. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large increase in population.

  19. DTM • STAGE 3 - In stage three, birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education of children and other social changes. Population growth begins to level off.

  20. DTM • STAGE 4 - During stage four, there are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. As the large group born during stage two ages, it creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population. Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries.

  21. DTM • STAGE 5 – DECLINING POPULATION

  22. DTM

  23. WHY DOES POPULATION COMPOSITION MATTER? • POP. COMPOSITION, ASPECTS OF POPULATION • WHAT IS IMPORTANT? SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH RATES, POP. COMPOSITION • COMPOSTION: AGE, GENDER, EDUCATION, MARITAL STATUS • POP. PYRAMIDS SHOW ABOVE DATA VISUALLY, P.58

  24. HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS? • BESIDES A NATION’S POP. AND GROWTH RATE, THE WELFARE OF A NATION’S PEOPLE ACROSS REGIONS, ETHNICITIES, AND SOCIAL CLASS IS IMPORTANT IN RELATION TO SANITATION, PREVALENCE OF DISEASE, AND AVAILABILITY OF HEALTH CARE.

  25. LEADING MEASURES OF A NATION’S POPULATION • 1. IMR, INFANT MORTALITY RATE • A BABY’S DEATH DURING YR. 1 AFTER BIRTH • # OF DEATH CASES PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS • 2. CMR, CHILD MORTALITY RATE • CHILD’S DEATH BETWEEN YRS. 1-5 • IMR, CMR REFLECT OVERALL HEALTH OF NATION, P. 59

  26. CAUSES, HIGH IMR • MAIN: MOTHER’S HEALTH • MALNOURISHMENT OF MOTHER • OVERWORK/EXHAUSTION • LACK OF EDUCATION • DISEASE • PROLONGED DIARRHEA • POOR SANITATION • ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER

  27. HIGH IMR-POOR NATIONS, DEVELOPING • LOW IMR-RICH NATIONS, DEVELOPED • IMR VARIES WITHIN NATIONS ACOORDING TO REGION ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, ETC. • IMR, CMR HIGH IN MOST OF AFRICA, ASIA

  28. EXAMPLE, SOUTH AFRICA • IMR FOR S. AF.=48 (AVERAGE) • IMR FOR S. AF. WHITES IS EUR. AV. • IMR FOR S. AF. BLACKS IS AF. AV.

  29. EXAMPLE, USA • IMR AVERAGE = 6.8 • IMR FOR BLACKS = 13.6 • IMR FOR WHITES = 5.7 • IMR VARIES BY REGION • HIGHEST IMR = S.; LOWEST IMR = NE • REITERATION: IN USA, LIKE OTHER NATIONS, IMR, CMR, VARY BY REGION ACCORDING TO ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, ED LEVELS, AND ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE.

  30. ANOTHER MEASURE OF A NATION’S POPULATION… • LIFE EXPECTANCY • NO. OF YRS. A PERSON MAY EXPECT TO REMAIN ALIVE • WOMEN OUTLIVE MEN • HIGHEST = JAPAN, AGE 82 DUE TO LOW IMR, CMR, FR • LOWEST = SUBSAHARAN AFRICA, AGE 40 • HIV-AIDS

  31. GEOGRAPHERS-STUDY DISEASE WHY? PREDICT DIFFUSION, PREVENTION CATEGORIES: INFECTIOUS, CHRONIC, GENETIC, SPATIAL EXTENT ENDEMIC EPIDEMIC PANDEMIC HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

  32. HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE? • GOVTS HAVE POLICIES INFLUENCING GROWTH RATE OR ETHNIC RATIOS W/IN POP. • POLICIES • 1.EXPANSIVE • 2.EUGENIC • 3.RESTRICTIVE

  33. EXPANSIVE • GOVT ENCOURAGES LARGE FAMILIES TO RAISE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE • EXS., USSR IN COLD WAR; PRC UNDER MAO ZEDONG • PRESENTLY, NATIONS W/ AGING POPS OFFER FISCAL INCENTIVES

  34. EUGENIC • GOVT FAVORS ONE ETHNICITY OR CULTURE SECTOR OF POP • EX., NAZI GERMANY

  35. RESTRICTIVE • GOVT REDUCES NATURAL INCREASE. • GOVT IS TOLERANT OF UNAPPROVED BIRTHCONTROL AND / OR LARGE FAMILY PROHIBITIONS • EX., PRC’S ONE CHILD POLICY • REDUCTION OF PRC’S GROWTH RATE • RESULTS: FEMALE INFANTICIDE, INCREASED ABORTIONS, ORPHANED GIRLS • PRESENTLY, PRC RELAXATION OF POLICY

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