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Theory of Flight

Theory of Flight. 6.06 Loads and Load Factor References: FTGU pages 17-18, 34-35. Review. Where is the centre of pressure in straight flight, just before a stall and after a stall? 2. What are some factors that increase stalling speed? 3. What are the symptoms of a stall?

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Theory of Flight

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  1. Theory of Flight 6.06 Loads and Load Factor References: FTGU pages 17-18, 34-35

  2. Review • Where is the centre of pressure in straight flight, just before a stall and after a stall? 2. What are some factors that increase stalling speed? 3. What are the symptoms of a stall? 4. When can an aircraft stall?

  3. 6.06 Loads and Load Factor MTPs: • Definitions • Load Factor changes • Load Factor in Turns • Forces in a turn

  4. Weight 1. What is weight? • The downward FORCE due to gravity that acts opposed to lift • Acts through the centre of gravity

  5. Weight What happens if… • Weight is greater than lift? • Lift is greater than weight?

  6. Loading • Gross weight of the aircraft divided by the area of lifting surfaces (wings) • 2 Types • Live Load • Dead Load = Load

  7. Dead Load vs Live Load Dead Load • The load put on the aircraft when it is sitting on the ground. Weight due to gravity. Live Load • Additional loads are added in flight due to acceleration or change in direction associated with manoeuvres

  8. Load Factor Load Factor • Ratio of the actual load acting on the wings to the gross weight of the airplane • Live Load : Dead Load • In straight and level flight the load factor is 1

  9. Load Factor Changes • The load factor is increased any time the aircraft is not in straight and level flight • Due to: • Performing aircraft manoeuvre • Wind Gusts • Turbulence

  10. Load Factor Is loading a bad thing?....No but it could cause problems 1. Structural Limitation • Each aircraft is designed with a max load factor that should not be exceeded as permanent damage may occur SGS 2-33a Max Load = 4.67 G C152 Max Load = 4.4 G

  11. Load Factor 2. Increased Stall speed • Increased load factor during manoeuvres in flight requires increased lift to maintain level flight • Critical angle of attack is reached at an increased speed • Stall speed increases • More on stalls in 6.07 Load factor during flight Speed to reach critical angle of attack Stall speed

  12. Load Factors in Turns • As angle of bank is increased in a turn the load factor and amount of lift required also increases • Load factor increases exponentially with angle of bank

  13. Forces in a Turn • In a turn… • Lift is divided into two components = vertical and horizontal

  14. Forces in a Turn • Vertical component opposes weight • Horizontal component causes airplane to turn • This horizontal component is known as centripetal force

  15. Forces in a Turn Pulls plane into the centre of the turn Resulting lift due to added horizontal components Pulls plane to outside of the turn

  16. Forces in a Turn Centripetal versus Centrifugal Force This is the force you feel going around a corner in a vehicle. It pulls in the opposite direction of a turn.

  17. Confirmation Fill in the blanks: Load factor = What is the difference between live load and dead load?

  18. Confirmation Label where the centripetal and centrifugal forces are. If this aircraft is doing a 60 degree of bank turn, how many Gs is it experiencing? When does an aircraft experience a 1G force?

  19. CP140 Aurora

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