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Theory of Flight

Theory of Flight. 6.06 Loads and Load Factor References: FTGU pages 17-18, 34-35. 6.06 Loads and Load Factor. Definitions Load Factor changes Load Factor in Turns Forces in a turn. Weight. 1. What is weight?. Weight. The FORCE due to gravity that pulls the aircraft to the ground

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Theory of Flight

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  1. Theory of Flight 6.06 Loads and Load Factor References: FTGU pages 17-18, 34-35

  2. 6.06 Loads and Load Factor • Definitions • Load Factor changes • Load Factor in Turns • Forces in a turn

  3. Weight 1. What is weight?

  4. Weight • The FORCE due to gravity that pulls the aircraft to the ground • Acts through the centre of gravity (CG) of the a/c

  5. Weight What happens if… • Weight is greater than lift? • Lift is greater than weight?

  6. Wing Loading Aircraft GrossWeight divided by Wing Area or Lifting Surface Types of Loads • Live Load • Dead Load = Load

  7. Dead Load v. Live Load Dead Load • The load put on the aircraft when it is sitting on the ground • Weight due to gravity Live Load • Additional loads added in flight due to acceleration or change in direction associated with manoeuvres

  8. Load Factor • Ratio of the actual load acting on the wings to the gross weight of the airplane • Live Load : Dead Load • In straight and level flight the load factor is 1

  9. Load Factor Is load factor a bad thing? Normally, No But load factors could cause problems…

  10. Load Factor • Structural Limitation • Each aircraft is designed with a max load factor that should never be exceeded, as permanent damage or structural failure may occur SGS 2-33a Max Load = 4.67 G C152 Max Load = 4.4 G

  11. Load Factor 2. Increased Stall speed • Increased load factor during manoeuvres in flight requires increased lift to maintain level flight • Critical angle of attack is reached at an increased speed • Stall speed increases Load factor during flight Speed to reach critical angle of attack Stall speed

  12. Load Factor Changes The load factor is increased any time the aircraft is not in straight and level flight. Examples: • Aircraft Performing manoeuvres • Wind Gusts • Turbulence

  13. Load Factors in Turns • As angle of bank is increased in a turn the load factor and amount of lift required also increases • Load factor increases exponentially with angle of bank

  14. Forces in a Turn • In a turn lift is divided into two components • Vertical component • Horizontal component

  15. Forces in a Turn • Vertical component opposes weight • Horizontal component causes the aircraft to turn • This horizontal component is known as centripetal force

  16. Forces in a Turn Pulls plane into the centre of the turn Resulting lift due to added horizontal components Pulls plane to outside of the turn

  17. Forces in a Turn Centripetal v. Centrifugal Force This is the force you feel going around a corner in a vehicle. It pulls in the opposite direction of a turn.

  18. Confirmation Check

  19. Confirmation 1. Load factor = 2. What is the difference between live load and dead load?

  20. Confirmation 3. Label where the centripetal and centrifugal forces are. 4. If this aircraft is doing a 60 degree of bank turn, how many Gs is it experiencing? 5. When does an aircraft experience a 1G force?

  21. CP140 Aurora

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