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FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS. FOUNDATION SYSTEMS. “The foundation is the building element which distributes and transmits the building load to the earth.”. Building Load. Settlement. Settlement. Soil Bearing Capacity. “All foundations will settle to some extent”.

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FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

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  1. FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

  2. FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

  3. “The foundation is the building element which distributes and transmits the building load to the earth.”

  4. Building Load Settlement Settlement Soil Bearing Capacity

  5. “All foundations will settle to some extent” Settlement Magnitude: Usually less that 1” Uniform Settlement: Acceptable if within the 1” Differential Settlement: Unacceptable if differences exceed the 1”

  6. What are the different loads which constitute the building load? Dead Load Live Load Wind Loads Thrusts Seismic

  7. SOIL

  8. SOIL TYPES: Gravel Sand Silt Clay GOOD BAD

  9. How is the bearing capacity of a soil determined ? 1. Building Code provides minimum values that can be used for some structures. 2. Subsurface Exploration • Test Pits (digging a hole) • Test Borings (drilling a hole with a hollow auger) In either case soil samples are obtained and tested in a laboratory.

  10. The soil samples are : 1. Classified 2. Properties determined: • density • moisture content • shear strength • void ratio • bearing capacity • liquid and plastic limits • plasticity index

  11. SOILS REPORT: Geotechnical Investigation or Exploration GEOTECHNICAL EXPLORATION REPORT VALLEY HOSPITAL EMERGENCY AND OPERATING ROOM ADDITIONS 629 SHADOW LANE LAS VEGAS, NEVADA STEPHENS GEOTECHNICAL INC.

  12. Soils Report: • 1. Site Investigation • 2. Lab Investigation • 3. Site Conditions • 4. Engineering Analysis • and Recommendations • • Site Grading & • Earthwork • • Foundations & Slabs • on Grade • • Lateral Earth • Pressures • • Moisture Protection & • Subsurface Drainage • • Paving

  13. CLIMATIC FEATURES • Frost line • Expansive soil • Groundwater • 4. Hydrostatic pressure

  14. EXCAVATION

  15. EXCAVATION • Removal of the topsoil • Further digging and soil removal is required to place the foundation out of reach of wind and water. • In colder climates much deeper to found the building below the frost line.

  16. EXCAVATION Excavation in Frictional Soil Section Through Benched Excavation Bracing is required to resist soil pressure Section Through Sheeted Excavation Excavation in Highly Cohesive Soil

  17. EXCAVATION SHEETING: • soldier piles • steel H piles & wood planks (lagging) • sheet pilings (wood, steel, concrete) • slurry walls

  18. FOUNDATIONS

  19. Shallow Deep

  20. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS “Transfer building load at or near soil surface” • Footings • • Column • • Strip, Spread • • Wall • • Combined • Slabs • • On-grade • • Crawlspace • • Basement • 3. Mat or Raft

  21. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 1ST INTERIOR COLUMN EXTERIOR COLUMN PAD IS CENTERED UNDER COLUMN PROP. LINE COMBINED FOOTING COLUMN FOOTING 1ST INTERIOR COLUMN FOOTING IS CENTERED UNDER WALL EXTERIOR COLUMN PROP. LINE COLUMN FOOTINGS CONCRETE BEAM (STRAP) WALL FOOTING CANTILEVER FOOTING

  22. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS DOWNWARD COLUMN LOAD REINFORCING STEEL IN BOTH DIRECTIONS IN BOTTOM FACE OF FOOTING RESISTS TENSIONS CAUSED BY BENDING BENDING OF FOOTING CAUSES COMPRESSION IN TOP FACE AND TENSION IN BOTTOM FACE FOOTING UPWARD SOIL PRESSURE SECTION PLAN SINGLE COLUMN FOOTING

  23. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Footings

  24. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Types of Substructures: Slab on-grade

  25. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Slab on-grade

  26. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Types of Substructures: Crawlspace CRAWLSPACE

  27. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Types of Substructures: Basement Basement

  28. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Types of Substructures: Basement

  29. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Types of Substructures: Basement

  30. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Types of Substructures: Basement GROUND LINE GROUND WATER LINE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON WALLS AND SLABS BELOW GROUND WATER LINE

  31. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Types of Substructures: Basement

  32. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Types of Substructures: Mat or Raft MAT or RAFT

  33. DEEP FOUNDATIONS “Transfer building load far below soil surface” • Drilled Piers/Caisson • • Friction • • End Bearing • • Belled • • Socketed • Piles • • Friction • • End Bearing

  34. DEEP FOUNDATIONS DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

  35. DEEP FOUNDATIONS LOAD DRILLED PIER/CAISSON FRICTION BETWEEN PILE AND SOIL DRILLED SHAFT FILLED WITH CONCRETE

  36. DEEP FOUNDATIONS DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

  37. DEEP FOUNDATIONS DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

  38. DEEP FOUNDATIONS DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

  39. DEEP FOUNDATIONS PIER /CAISSON – PIER CAPS

  40. DEEP FOUNDATIONS BELLED PIER /CAISSON

  41. DEEP FOUNDATIONS LOAD BELLED PIER /CAISSON DRILLED SHAFT AND BELL FILLED WITH CONCRETE BELL BEARING PRESSURE UNDER BELL

  42. DEEP FOUNDATIONS Driven Piles

  43. DEEP FOUNDATIONS Floor Slab Floor Slab Pile Cap Piles Driven Piles

  44. DEEP FOUNDATIONS Driven Piles - Types of Pile Caps: 2 Pile Cluster 4 Pile Cluster 3 Pile Cluster 9 Pile Cluster

  45. DEEP FOUNDATIONS Types of Piles: UNCASED PILES CASED PILES Steel Point Compressed Base Compressed Concrete Concrete Plug Steel Point Fluted Tapered Open Ended Pedestal Pile 1 1 1,2,3,4 3 2 2 1 2 3. Driven from the bottom of the tube 4. Jetted • Mandrel Driven 2. Driven from the top of the tube

  46. DEEP FOUNDATIONS Pile Driver

  47. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

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