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History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War

History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War. Maps. Central Europe, 1618 Bishopric of Hildesheim, Duchy of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel. Question. Why did peace remain elusvie in 1635 and afterwards?. Background: finance. France increase in revenue:

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History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War

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  1. History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe:The Thirty Years War

  2. Maps • Central Europe, 1618 • Bishopric of Hildesheim, Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

  3. Question • Why did peace remain elusvie in 1635 and afterwards?

  4. Background: finance • France • increase in revenue: • 32.5 M livres (1610) – 57.5 M livres (1635) – 79 m livres (1643) • increases in military spending: • 16 M livres (1620s) – 33 M livres (1635) – 38 M livres (after 1640) • overspending, borrowing • “Revenue was not only spent before it was collected, but large parts of the fiscal system were transferred into private hands, largely beyond government control” (p. 558)

  5. Background: finance • Saxony • debt • 7 M fl. (1628) – 25.2 M fl. (1657) • Empire • 1635: at most 8 M fl. to fund Imperial army • problems • no funds from northern territories held by Sweden • competition between taxes for Imperial army and money raised to fund regional armies (Bavaria, Saxony) • decline in size of armies • “it was now difficult to launch major operations in more than one region at a time” (p. 619)

  6. Positions: Spain • war with the Dutch • Olivares’ objectives: • achieve military superiority in Flanders • force Dutch “to accept an honourable peace” (p. 555) • 2 February 1635: Spanish Council of State made the war with the Dutch a priority • 31 October 1634: Treaty of Ebersdorf: Imperial assistance for war against the Dutch

  7. Positions: Spain • conflict with France? • 13 April 1634: Spanish Council of State against war • 12 May 1634: secret agreement with Gaston d’Orléans: troops and money for an invasion of France • 26 March 1635: arrest of Philipp Christoph von Sötern, Archbishop Elector or Trier • April 1635: capture of Koblenz

  8. Positions: France • attitudes to conflict between Spain-Dutch Republic, HRE-Sweden • “Both Protestant powers remained counterweights to perceived Spanish dominance” (p. 555). • 8 February 1635: offensive alliance with the Dutch Republic to invade Spanish Netherlands • declaration of war on Spain: 26 May 1635

  9. Conflict, 1635-1636 • Franco-Dutch invasion of Spanish Netherlands…repulsed • France co-opted Bernhard of Weimar • southern front: Lorraine, Alsace, Franche-Comté • fall of Mainz to Imperial forces: January 1636 • Spanish invasion of France • Corbie: • Spain: 15 August 1636 • France: 14 November 1636

  10. The Peace of Prague, 1635 • Read Sourcebook,document 103. Be prepared to answer the questions below in class. I shall ask them by calling on individual students and am eager to know your answers. • What are the most important articles of the Peace of Prague? Identify them by number. Why do you think they are important? • Does it make sense to describe the Peace of Prague as a “Peace without peace”? Why or why not?

  11. Holy Roman Empire • objectives • unity of imperial estates • military superiority • expulsion of foreigners • Peace of Prague (30 May 1635) • “The Peace did not make Ferdinand an absolute monarch, and his intention was to restore what he regarded as the proper constitutional order” (p. 566). • “a monarchical solution” (p. 566) • “a degree of imperial authority unacceptable to Sweden and France” (p. 566) • defeat of militant Catholics

  12. Peace of Prague: essential features • dissolution of all alliances, including Catholic League • a new Imperial army • separate corps for Bavaria, Saxony • transfer of Lusatia to Saxony • no recognition of Calvinism • 1627: a “new normative year” after which Protestant control of Catholic church property was invalid • details left to biconfessional committee • agreement between Emperor and Saxony • invitation of other states

  13. Peace of Prague: stumbling block • exclusion of many members of the Heilbronn League • Palatine, Hessen-Kassel, Württemberg, Hohenlohe counts • “amnesty question” • “ultimately wrecked the Peace” (p. 571) • “Ferdinand made it much harder to resolve the amnesty question by enlarging the numbers of those with a vested interest in opposing a pardon. Yet, by excluding so many, he undermined the desired character of Prague as a general peace” (p. 572) • Imperial ban for Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hessen-Kassel (October 1635)

  14. Positions: Sweden • Read Sourcebook,documents 104, 106, 107, 108. Be prepared to answer the questions below in class. I shall ask them by calling on individual students and am eager to know your answers. • What were Sweden’s objectives in 1635? • Why did it pursue these objectives? • How would you characterize the outlook of Sweden’s decision makers?

  15. Sweden • Powder Barrel Convention, 21 August 1635 • disgruntled German officers and Oxenstierna • Stuhmsdorf Truce, 12 September 1635 • extension of Truce of Altmark (Poland and Sweden) • Saxony’s relative failure to appeal to German patriotism • Treaty of Wismar, 1636 • French subsidies used for raising fresh troops • Sweden obliged not to make peace without France • unratified

  16. Battle of Wittstock, 1636 • Sweden: Johan Banér • Imperial Army: Melchior Hatzfeldt • “one of the most important battles of the war” (p. 583)

  17. Positions, 1636-1640 • Ferdinand III (1637-1657) • electoral congress in Regensburg, 1636-1637 • money from Spain • election of Ferdinand • co-operation from Brandenburg • inadequate confessional co-operation to deal with Sweden • continued reluctance to support Spain against the Dutch • desire to solve amnesty question thwarted (p. 612)

  18. Positions, 1636-1640 • Wilhelm V of Hessen-Kassel (d. 1 October 1637) • alliance with France (1636) • Imperial invasion (April 1637) • truce with Emperor under Amalie Elizabeth (1638)

  19. Positions, 1636-1640 • Treaty of Hamburg (15 March 1638) • renewal of Franco-Swedish alliance • extension of French subsidies • Sweden remained outside of war between France and Spain. • Karl Ludwig of the Palatinate • failed attempt to take the Rhenish Palatinate (1638) • defeated by Imperial army (p. 594)

  20. Fighting • Partisans (p. 601) • KonradWiderhold (1598?-1667) • humble origins • significance

  21. Fighting: Theatres of Conflict • Rhineland • French surrender of Ehrenbreitstein (June 1637)

  22. Fighting: Theatres of Conflict • Rhineland • Battles of Rheinfelden • 28 February 1638: Imperialist victory • 3 March 1638: French victory under Bernhard von Weimar • Battle of Wittenweier (8 August 1638) • French victory under Bernhard von Weimar • Fall of Breisach (19 December 1638) • French victory under Bernhard von Weimar • control of Alsace • “The war had shifted deeper into the Empire” (p. 611)

  23. Fighting: Theatres of Conflict • The North • Swedish retreat, summer 1637 under Johan Banér • loss of poorly defended fortresses • secure in Baltic bridgehead: Stettin, 1638 • Treaty of Hamburg, 15 March 1638 • Mecklenburg recaptured

  24. Fighting: Theatres of Conflict • The North • Banér’s foray into Saxony, Bohemia (1639) • Guelphs, Hessen-Kassel send troops to Banér • Banér blockaded Wolfenbüttel (1639) • imperial garrison here as leverage for bishopric of Hildesheim

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