1 / 22

Fallacies

Fallacies. 11 th grade American Literature . What is a fallacy?. Logical Fallacies are ERRORS IN REASONING . This differs from a factual error, which is simply being wrong about the facts.

jada
Download Presentation

Fallacies

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Fallacies 11th grade American Literature

  2. What is a fallacy? • Logical Fallacies are ERRORS IN REASONING. • This differs from a factual error, which is simply being wrong about the facts. • A fallacy is traditionally defined by Aristotle as a piece of evidence with faulty reasoning or illogical reasoning. • To be more specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support. • Logical Fallacies are also called PROPOGANDA TECHNIQUES. • Contemporary Rhetoricians also call fallacies flashpoints or hotspots.

  3. Types of Fallacies

  4. Appeal to Authority / Appeal to False Authority • Uses evidence that is not qualified or uses a source that is not an authority on a specific issue.

  5. Appeal to Emotion / Sentimental Appeal / Scare Tactics • Exaggerations made from fear or guilt to force people into action. Uses tender moments excessively to distract readers from facts.

  6. Appeal to Tradition • It assumes that something is better or correct simply because it is older, traditional, or "always has been done."

  7. Attack ad Hominem / Personal Attack • Attacks directed at the character of the person rather than at the claims he or she makes.

  8. Bandwagon • Makes a claim that urges people to follow the mass majority.

  9. Begging the Question / Circular Reasoning • Assuming a piece of evidence is true because it is stated as being true.

  10. Dogmatism • Makes the argument that whatever the speaker says is the only possible conceivable position within a community.

  11. Either-Or Choices • A piece of evidence that states something is either one way or anotherand that no other possible outcomes exist.

  12. Equivocation • Involves juvenile tricks of language to say a piece of evidence is true. Uses semantics.

  13. Faulty Analogy • Analogies that are pushed too far to be taken seriously or simply do not make sense.

  14. Faulty Causality • In Latin, this is called “post hoc, ergo propter hoc” which means “after this, therefore because of this.” This is the fallacious assumption that because one event or action follows another, the first necessarily causes the second. It is a cause-effect error.

  15. Guilt by Association • This fallacy occurs when a claim is rejected by the speaker just because the people the speaker dislikes accept the claim.

  16. Hasty Generalization • An inference drawn from an insufficient amount of evidence.

  17. Moral Equivalence • Suggests that serious wrong-doings don’t differ in kind from minor offense.

  18. Non Sequitur • A statement which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect / build logically. It “does not follow.”

  19. Red Herring • Changes the subject or brings up an irrelevant argument or piece of evidence.

  20. Slippery Slope/ Jumping to Conclusions • Shows that a small misstep today will cause tomorrow's slide into disaster.

  21. The Straw Man • An attack on something that really isn’t there or is much weaker than the speaker/writer claims.

  22. Two Wrongs Make a Right • This fallacy occurs when a person asserts that another person would act the same way if given the same situation as the speaker.

More Related