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Fallacies. Unwarranted Arguments. Flawed Motivational Warrants. Confuses appeals to needs and values with logic, sometimes intentionally Fallacies of Distraction False Dilemma Red Herring Appeals To Motive Instead of Support Pity Popularity Consequence Prejudicial Language.
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Fallacies Unwarranted Arguments
Flawed Motivational Warrants • Confuses appeals to needs and values with logic, sometimes intentionally • Fallacies of Distraction • False Dilemma • Red Herring • Appeals To Motive Instead of Support • Pity • Popularity • Consequence • Prejudicial Language
Fallacies of Authority • Drawing irrelevant or false attention to the arguers, instead of the logic of their arguments • Ad Hominem • Anonymous Authority • Strawman Fallacy
Fallacies of Substance • Inductive Fallacies (Generalization Warrants) • Hasty Generalization • False Analogy • Flawed Deductive Reasoning (Sign Warrants) • Non sequitur • Flawed Syllogisms (If A, then B; if B then C; if D then C; therefore if A then D.) • Cause-Effect Fallacies (Causal Warrants) • Post hoc ergo propter hoc (coincidental correlation) • Genuine but insignificant cause • Slippery Slope Fallacy
Fallacies of Definition • Circular Definitions (Begging the Question) • Failure To Elucidate (circular reasoning): E.g., I don’t know what pornography is, but I know it when I see it. • Prejudicial terms: “pure democracy” • Shifting Definitions (intentional ambiguity or equivocation of usage) • E.g., Without incontrovertible proof, a theory is just another exercise in faith because it merely propones a “best guess.” The theory of Creationism is a better guess because it requires a stronger act of faith.) • Definitions that are too broad • E.g., A race is pure if it has not allowed itself to be defiled by lower races.
Fallacies of Explanation • Failure to Provide the Burden of Proof • Subverted support (explanation of a phenomenon fails if there is no evidence of the phenomenon occurring) • Spontaneous Human Combustion is caused by a rare chemical reaction to high Electromagnet Fields. • Imaginary Evidence • Use of legend, foklore or parable as case examples • Confusing illustrations with examples • Untestability (a theory advancing causes for a phenomenon cannot be tested) • E.g., The disillusionment of our current young people is the culmination of generations whose optimism has slowly given way to pessimism. • Psychics tell us that the dead try to communicate with us telepathically.
