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Emergency Response

Emergency Response. Protective Actions. Day 10 – Lecture 3. Introduction. In order to respond correctly in an emergency situation, predefined criteria for action must be available This lecture covers the basic internationally accepted intervention criteria. Content.

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Emergency Response

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  1. Emergency Response Protective Actions Day 10 – Lecture 3

  2. Introduction • In order to respond correctly in an emergency situation, predefined criteria for action must be available • This lecture covers the basic internationally accepted intervention criteria

  3. Content • Basic principles of intervention • Optimization of intervention • Projected and avertable dose • Action level dose for organs and tissue • Principles for intervention levels • Urgent protective action levels • Generic action levels for foodstuffs • Emergency worker protection guidance • Classes of emergency related work

  4. Each practice should be justified The doses adding up in a practice should be kept as low as reasonably achievable The sum of doses in a practice should be kept below specified dose limits Practices and InterventionsSystems for Radiation Protection • Each protective action should bejustified • The level of protective actions resulting indose subtractionshould be optimized

  5. Basic Principles of Intervention • All possible efforts should be made to prevent serious deterministic health effects and to reduce the occurrence of stochastic effects • Intervention should be justified, such that the introduction of protective action should achieve more good than harm • Levels at which intervention is introduced and at which it is later withdrawn should be optimized, so that protective action will produce the maximum net benefit

  6. Benefit Avertable individual risk Avertable collective risk Reassurance Factors Entering Optimization Harm • Individual physical risk • Collective physical risk • Monetary costs • Social disruption • Individual disruption • Countermeasure anxiety • Worker risk

  7. Dose rate Projected dose Time after start of the accident Projected Dose

  8. Action Level of Dose for Acute Exposure to Organ or Tissue

  9. Dose rate Avertable dose t1 t2 Time after the start of the accident Avertable Dose

  10. Principles for Intervention Levels • Dose quantity to express the intervention level is the avertable dose • Only pathways and doses that can be influenced by protective action should be taken into account • Estimate of avertable doses should be as realistic as possible and for an average member of affected population

  11. Application International guidance specifies: • “Generic Intervention Levels” (GILs), at which urgent and long term protective actions should be taken • “Generic Action Levels” (GALs), at which controls should be placed on contaminated food

  12. GIL and GALs • GIL and GALs set so that action would do more good than harm • Taking action at a considerably lower level could increase overall harm to the public • Not applicable if protective action is overly hazardous or disruptive (e,g. evacuation during a snow storm justified at a higher GIL)

  13. GILs for Urgent Protective ActionsTable AI-I

  14. Generic Action Levels for Relocation And Resettlement Table A1-II

  15. Generic Action Levels for FoodstuffsTable A1-III

  16. Protection of Workers Undertaking an Intervention (GS-R-2) • No worker undertaking an intervention shall be exposed in excess of the maximum single year dose limit for occupational exposure except: • For the purpose of saving life or preventing serious injury • If undertaking actions intended to avert a large collective dose • If undertaking actions to prevent the development of catastrophic conditions

  17. IAEA Guidance for an Emergency Worker Appendix 3

  18. Importance of Establishing Criteria (OILs) Major lessons: • Establish in advance, operational criteria for the instruments used • Act on instrument readings not GILs or GALs

  19. GIL, GAL and Worker Guidance • Not designed to be used during an emergency • Must develop observable criteria to be used during an emergency • Operational intervention levels (OILs) • Worker turn back guidance • Measurable during an emergency with available instruments (e.g. expressed as dose rate)

  20. Example OILs - Dose Rates at 1 m Above Ground Reactor release (TECDOC-955) • Evacuate 1 mSv/h • Restrict Food 1 Sv/h Radiological emergency (TECDOC-1162) • Cordon 100 Sv/h

  21. Expanded Guidance • Current international guidance was found to be incomplete during past emergencies • TECDOC - 1432 – proposes an extended framework of generic criteria that is intended to address the lessons from past emergencies

  22. Summary • EP guidance is based partly on international intervention guidance • Action levels • GILs • GALs • International guidance • Not useable during an emergency - need OILs • May not address all conditions • Taking action at lower levels could do more harm than good

  23. Where to Get More Information • IAEA, Method for developing arrangements for response to a nuclear or radiological emergency, EPR-METHOD, IAEA, Vienna (2003) • IAEA, Development of extended framework for emergency response criteria, Interim report for comments, TECDOC-1432, IAEA, Vienna (2005)

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