ANIMAL WELFARE

1. ANIMAL WELFARE ELISTA Education 2012

2. Freedom from Pain, Injury & Disease

3. Pain, Injury & Disease • Pain= an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”. (World Health Organisation, http://www.health24.com/medical/Condition_centres/777-792-820-1822,18377.asp) • Injury= wound or trauma; harm or hurt; usually applied to damage inflicted on the body by an external force. (http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/injury) • Disease=A pathologic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death.(http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Disease) TO give FREEDOM from, means to PREVENT

4. Preventing Pain…What is pain? • Pain occurs through the stimulation of specific receptor cells or nerve fibres and the transmission of the stimulation through the nervous system for detection by the brain.

5. The Nervous System • Central and Peripheral Nervous System • Autonomic vs Somatic • Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

6. Nervous Reflexes Reflex Arc- Involuntary Peripheral Nervous Response

7. Sensory Cells • Nerve Cell (Neurone) • Nociceptors in epidermis of • the skin. Mechanoreceptors in dermis layer

8. Types of Pain Nociceptive Pain (noxious stimulation:harmful intensity) Visceral Pain Related to ‘stretch’ and inflammation, described as dull, superficial Superficial Somatic Pain Caused by activation of nociceptors in skin or other superficial tissue, giving sharp, clear, well defined pain. Deep Somatic Pain Occurs from stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bone, blood vessels, muscles etc Neuropathic Pain (caused by damage or disease to parts of somatosensory nervous system ) e.g arthritic pain, banging funny bone.

9. Signs of Pain • Humans: Subjective descriptions by patients • Animals: Never know for sure, understand science of pain, should be easy to except presence in mammals at least - be cautious of anthropomorphism -watch behaviour -listen to vocalisations -observe signs of health Behaviours that may link to pain (or at least discomfort)…

10. Preventing Pain Prevention of Pain= Avoid Injury and Avoid “Disease” • Environment • Environment • Nutrition • Husbandry • Breeding

11. Signs of Health • Varies between species, but typically include: - moving freely - keen reflexes - bright, clean eyes - clean odour free ears - (moist) clean nose with no discharge - dandruff free glossy coat/feathers/scales - clean anal region, defecating and urinating normally - pink gums with quick capillary refill - hydrated skin - no flaking or scabbing/soreness on skin areas - suitable weight - reasonable breath - normal TPR rate

12. Disease, Conditions, Syndrome and Illness • There are no clear cut definitions. But it is worth thinking about! • Disease= system related problem e.g Heart disease, may be micro-organism/pathogen induced but affects a systems e.g Weil’s Disease • Condition= Used more as a generic term for Disease or Disorder, may have less of emphasis on causation (etiology) e.g degenerative conditions e.g Hip Dysphasia • Syndrome= a set of signs and symptoms, not exclusive from a disease or condition. E.g Downs Syndrome (Genetic condition) Wobblers Syndrome • Illness- Specifically caused by pathogen, typically short lasting e.g Kennel Cough

13. Causes of Disease System malfunction, includes: Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Digestive Muscular Reproductive Cardiovascular

14. Causes of Disease • Genetic: gene mutations (abnormality in individual DNA sequence) and hereditary disease (previous mutation passed on through generations to become common as dominant or recessive allele in species)

15. Causes of Disease • Pathogens- an agent that causes disease, especially a living organism.

16. Types of Disease • Acute- quick in onset but short lasting (distemper) • Chronic- slow long lasting condition (arthritis) • Peracute- disease that kills quickly (anthrax) • Infectious- can pass from one animal to another without direct contact (mostly bacteria or virus) • Contagious- passed from one animal to another through direct contact (mites) • Enzootic- refers to a disease present (endemic) among animals in a particular region, country or area • Epizootic- rapid spreading disease over large number and large area • Sporadic- disease that suddenly appears but can equally suddenly disappear

17. Bacteria • Simple single celled organism • Multiples asexually • Aerobic and Anaerobic • Visible under normal microscope • Gram positive or gram negative • Treated with antibiotics

18. Pathogenic Bacteria Structures • Staphylococcus (single spherical coccus bacteria in cluster formations) • Streptococcus (single spherical coccus bacteria in line formations) • Bacilli (variations of rod shaped bacteria)

19. Pathogenic Bacterial Diseases • Leptospirosis • Salmonella • Pasteurella • Brucella • Clostridia

20. Virus • Smallest Disease causing agent • Usually specific to certain tissue in the body • Can infect an cause disease in bacteria • Only seen under electron microscope • Cannot live outside of the animals living cells, unless protected by body fluid • Prevention main control

21. Protozoa • Unicellular organisms • Vary in structure and size • Many not harmful • Found in aqueous environments and soil • Motile

22. Fungi • Yeasts and Moulds • Yeast= single bud spores • Mould= network of thin multi-cellular threats that under right conditions cause spores to germinate. • Many beneficial; mushrooms, penicilin • Some harmful, disease caused by fungi=mycoses

23. Endo-parasites • Parasite= animal that uses other animal as a host. • Internal • Examples= - Roundworm (nematodes) - Tapeworm (cestodes) - Lungworm - Flukes (trematodes) - Hookworm - Threadworm - Heartworm

24. Ecto-parasites • External, live on skin or in skin layers. • Examples= -Fleas -Lice -Mites -Ticks -Leeches

25. Signs and Symptoms of Disease The whole 10 day course could be spent on discussing signs and symptoms of disease. Since it is illegal for a non-veterinary professional to diagnose a disease, there is really no point in knowing all signs and symptoms. In saying that it can be useful for animal professionals to be aware of signs and symptoms so to respond in a manner that will aid the animal prior to veterinary advice and protect others and themselves. Familiarity with signs and symptoms of animal disease is therefore the most important thing.

26. Treating Pathogens • Bacteria- Antibiotics (sterilisation and disinfectant for environment) • Virus- Education & Immunisation. Management to allow body to fight. • Protozoa- Anti-protozal agents • Fungi- Anti-fungal creams • Endoparasite- Anthelmintics (rotation drug and environment) Destroy secondary host. • Ectoparasite- Insecticide for environment, suitable topical treatment

27. Immunological Responses • Immune system is the body’s fighting mechanism. • Foreign body enters detected by antibodies • Main antibodies - lymphocytes - eosinophils/basophils/neutrophils

28. Disease Prevention (Avoiding Pathogen Invasion ) A completely sterile aseptic environment for animals is not only near impossible to achieve, but may not be in the best interest of the animals’ health as it does not allow the animal to build immunity. The following are significant factors that when considered carefully can prevent disease and reduce spread if it does occur.

29. Disease Prevention (Avoiding Pathogen Invasion ) • Observation • Hygiene • Stress Reduction - Handling - Nutrition - Appropriate Environment - Appropriate Grouping (Age, species, size) • Housing (Comfort, Materials) • Ventilation • Humidity • Genetics • Immunity….

30. Immunity Immunity can be… • Inherited (species not affected) • Naturally Acquired (passive immunity from mother if she has been vaccinated or experienced a disease and over came it OR if experiences itself it develops it’s own active immunity) • Artificially Acquired (quick acting but short lasting is passive artificial immunity from the antiserum of an animal that has experienced the disease. Active artificial immunity comes from vaccination).

31. Immunity • Natural passive= from colostrum • Natural active= experience disease • Artificial passive= antiserum • Artificial active= vaccination Most vulnerable Passive immunity (natural) Active immunity (artificial)

32. …Vaccination • Live (modified)- non harmful but natural disease • Inactivated- doesn’t replicate but stimulates immune response, dead or attenuated bacteria or virus • Toxoids- toxins produced by organisms are heat treated, short lived vaccine (requires booster)

33. Zoonosis • A disease or infection that can be naturally transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a human. • Avoid transmission by: -having awareness -reducing unnecessary exposure -practise good hygiene -take precaution; immunisation

34. Quarantine and Isolation The words quarantine and isolation are inter-changeable. Quarantine= place or process of preventative isolation Isolation= place or process of separation of diseased animal.

35. Disease Transmission Four factors required for disease transmission: • A micro-organism capable of causing disease and capable of transmission • An environment favourable to growth of micro-organism • A susceptible host • A mechanism by which the micro-organism can be transferred Three of the four are difficult to control, so preventing a mechanism for transfer is best.

36. Quarantine Units

37. Alternative to Quarantine • Pets Passport Scheme • Agreement between rabies-free countries • Four requirements: - micro-chipped for identification - animal is rabies vaccinated - blood tested to show rabies immunity - is treated for parasites prior to re-entry

38. Precautions when attending to quarantined or isolated animals • Specific staff where possible • Footbath • Hygiene procedures • Protective clothing • Washing and disinfecting • Safety procedures and facilities (e.g 2 doors) • Knowledge of disease; signs and symptoms • Recording of all events relating to animal

39. Poisons • Medicines • Herbicides • Insecticides • Mollusicides • Rodenticides • Household chemicals • Disinfectants • Reptile bites • Toad Poisoning • Insect stings • Human Food

40. Potential Symptoms • Foaming at the mouth • Fitting • Dis-colouration • Breathing Problems • Irritation to skin • Vomiting

41. Treating Poisoning • Prevent further absorption • Identify poison • Contact Vet (VPIS) • Maintain oxygen • Give Demulcent • Administer Fluid • Observe temperature • Drugs or antidote