Basic Chemistry and Microbiology

1. Basic Chemistry and Microbiology

2. Review of Basic Chemistry • smallest basic particle is the atom • Electrons- negatively charged • Protons- positively charged in nucleus • Neutrons- uncharged in nucleus • when electrons are lost or gained, a charge occurs • substances containing only one kind of atom are called elements

3. approximately 20 elements are found in all living things • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 97% • the other 16 are called trace elements • Molecules are when two or more atoms are joined together (Ex: O2, CO2 )

4. Compounds and Solutions • Two or more atoms or molecules joined in a definite proportion by weight is called a compound • Compounds have different characteristics from elements they are made from • Represented by a formula

5. Compounds and Solutions • Two or more atoms or molecules joined in a definite proportion by weight is called a compound • Compounds have different characteristics from elements they are made from • Represented by a formula

6. Compounds and Solutions • Types of Compounds • Inorganic • Do not contain carbon • Often has a metal as a positive ion • Organic • Found in living things • Always contain carbon • When with hydrogen they are called hydrocarbons (usually gases) • When with other carbons, they bond in chains

7. Compounds and Solutions • Solutions • Chemical process take place in solutions • A solution is when one substance dissolves into another • The solute is dissolved into the solvent • If it dissolves it is soluble, if not, insoluble • Note: in microbiology, a tincture is alcohol and some other substance

8. Carbohydrates • All have carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) • Occur in ration of 1:2:1

9. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Single or simple sugars • Glucose, fructose, galactose • They are isomers (same formula, but different arrangement)

10. Carbohydrates • Glucose (also known as dextrose) • Carried in bloodstream • Combines with oxygen (oxidation) and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • Fructose (found in fruits and honey) • Sweetest of all monosaccharides • Galactose • Found in small amounts in agar, flaxseed, and milk NOTE: “ose” means sugar

11. Carbohydrates • Disaccharides • Known as a double sugar • Examples: sucrose(table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)and maltose (malt sugar) • Chemical reaction to join: • Dehydration synthesis (opposite to break apart is hydrolysis)

12. Dehydration Synthesis + = Disaccharide

13. Hydrolysis Disaccharide + =

14. Carbohydrates • Oligosaccharides • Form chains called polymers • Small chains with only 2-10 monosaccharides • Ex: insulin • Polysaccharides • Large, complex molecules • Made of hundreds of thousands of glucose • Have very long polymer chains • Ex: starch, cellulose, and glycogen

15. Carbohydrates • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6ZLDJluj6I • http://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/crash-course1/crash-course-biology/v/crash-course-biology-103

16. Lipids • Examples are fats, oils, and waxes • Like carbs, they have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but much less oxygen • Fats are solid and oils are liquid at room temperature • Better sources of energy than carbohydrates (yield more energy) but are harder to oxidize • Three groups: simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids

17. Lipids Simple Lipids (triacylycerol or triglyceride) • contain one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids held together by ester linkages • Formed by dehydration synthesis

18. Lipids Simple Lipids • Saturated (when all carbon bonds are single and saturated with hydrogen) • Can block arteries • Difficult to break up • Raises cholesterol • Solid at room temperature

19. Lipids Simple Lipids • Unsaturated (when two or more hydrogen bonds are replaced with double bonds between carbon atoms) • Liquid at room temperature • Monounsaturated (lacks 2 hydrogen bonds) or Polyunsaturated (lacks 8 or more hydrogen bonds forming 4 or more double bonds) • Lowers Cholesterol • Easier to break up

20. Lipids • Trans Fats • Unsaturated fat but act like a saturated fat • Has trans arrangement in bonding- the hydrogens are on opposite sides of the double bond. • Typical man-made

21. Lipids https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_LK9pnL0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGHD9e3yRIU

22. Lipids • Compund lipids- lipids which contain an inorganic or organic group in addition to fatty acids and glycerol. • Phosphpholipids- Lipids containing a phosphate group. A phospholipid molecule has a strongly nonpolar and hydrophobic (water insoluble) tail region represented by fatty acid chains and a strongly polar or hydrophilic (water soluble) head region represented by the phosphate group.

23. Lipids • Glycolipids- These are lipids containing a carbohydrate group, usually galactose. They are found in the nerve cell membranes especially in the myelin sheath.

24. Lipids • Lipoproteins- These are lipids, usually phospho-lipids which contain a protein molecule. They occur in the cell membrane. They are also found in milk and egg yolk

25. Lipids • Derived Lipids (Sterols) • Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Include steroids found in male and female hormones, Vitamin D, cholesterol, and fat soluble vitamins A, E, and K • Classified as lipids only because they are soluble in fat solvents • These are lipids that do not have a straight chain. They are composed of four fused carbon rings and a long hydrocarbon side chain.

26. Lipids • Derived Lipids

27. Proteins • Contain hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and most times phosphorus and sulfur • Found in every part of living cells • Coat viruses • In binding and structural components like fingernails, hair, ligaments, muscles, etc. • Made of AMINO ACIDS

28. Proteins • Structure of Amino Acid Position 1 is carbon, Position 2 is amino group (NH2), Position 3 is hydrogen atom, Position 4 is a carboxyl group (COOH), and Position 5 is variable (R)

29. Proteins Ex: Glycine (H is in R group) Large protein molecules are constructed from any number and sequence of amino acids (can number from 300 to thousands)

30. Proteins • Amino acids linked by dehydration synthesis (C-N) (bond between carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of next amino acid). Called a PEPTIDE BOND and a series of linkages is called a POLYPEPTIDE • THIS IS CALLED A PROTEIN

31. Proteins • Structure • Primary- straight chain • Secondary- helix • Tertiary- twisted and folded • Quaternary- two or more polypeptide chains are bonded together

32. Proteins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Jgb_DpaQhM

33. Proteins Functions: • Enzymes - proteins that allow chemical reactions to occur in living things • Antibodies – proteins that protect the body from infection • Structure – cytoskeleton, hair, nails, muscles, spider web, silk, feathers ,horns, hooves etc…. • Hormones – chemical messengers • Cell membrane – proteins can act as channels through the cell membrane - receptor proteins found on membrane transmit signals to the inside of cells • Hemoglobin – protein found in blood that carries oxygen

34. Proteins

35. Proteins Denatured proteins are proteins that lose their shape - if they lose their shape, they also lose their - What can cause a protein to become denatured? Exposure to: Strong Acid Strong Base Heat Organic solvent: Alcohol or Acetone - Denatured proteins can lose quaternary, tertiary and secondary structure - Primary Structure is left untouched

36. Proteins (enzymes) • Specialized proteins • Help provide energy to cell at just the right moment and at just the right speed • Also known as organic catalysts • Highly specific • Very large and complex

37. Proteins (enzymes) • Made of either all protein or part protein (apoenzyme)attached to a non-protein part (coenzyme) • Coenzymes could be calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, or vitamins like C and B-complex

38. Proteins (enzymes) • The localized site on the enzyme molecule is called the active site • Each enzyme has its own pattern on the active site (no 2 alike) • An enzyme reacts with a reactant whose molecular pattern fits the enzyme’s molecular pattern. • The molecule that the enzyme reacts with is called a SUBSTRATE molecule

39. Proteins (enzymes) Lock and key model

40. Proteins (enzymes) • Temporary physical binding called Enzyme-Substrate Complex

41. Proteins (enzymes) Enzymes are proteins and if they are exposed to extremes of temp or pH lose their shape • - if a protein loses its shape, it loses its function • - a protein that loses its shape is said to be denatured • - if an enzyme is denatured, substrate cannot enter the active site

42. Proteins (enzymes) extreme temperatures or pH

43. Proteins (enzymes) • Name usually ends in –ASE • Added to stem word taken from substrate • Examples: • Lactase……lactose • Lipase……...lipids • Maltase……maltose • Protease…...protein • Sucrase…….sucrose

44. Proteins (enzymes) An example in microbiology: Many bacteria have an enzyme that needs a compound called PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid). PABA helps bacteria make a vitamin called folic acid, which the bacteria need to grow.

45. Proteins (enzymes) An example in microbiology: When antibiotic sulfanilamide is given to the bacteria instead of PABA, the sulfanilamide molecules attach to active sites of bacteria and folic acid is not made.

46. Proteins (enzymes)

47. Nucleic Acids • Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous • Two types- DNA and RNA

48. Nucleic Acids • DNA • Found in chromosomes and genes, plasma membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts • Consists of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

49. Nucleic Acids

50. Nucleic Acids • RNA • Consists of a phosphate group (ribose sugar), and any of the following nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil • Single stranded • Found in cytoplasm, nucleoli, and ribosomes • Two kinds: mRNA and tRNA