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Unit 6: Modern America

Unit 6: Modern America. The Progressive Era. Chapter 24 Objectives. Explain the nature and the goals of the progressive movement. Compare and contrast the progressive movement with the populist movement. Describe Roosevelt’s brand of progressivism.

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Unit 6: Modern America

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  1. Unit 6: Modern America The Progressive Era

  2. Chapter 24 Objectives • Explain the nature and the goals of the progressive movement. • Compare and contrast the progressive movement with the populist movement. • Describe Roosevelt’s brand of progressivism. • Account for Taft’s mixed record as a progressive. • Evaluate Wilson’s efforts for progressive reform. • Assess the impact of progressivism on U.S. politics, society, and economy

  3. The Progressives Film • http://learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=2299

  4. Film Questions • What types of issues were Progressive reformers concerned? • How did the federal government respond to threats to public health? • What is the difference between preservation and conservation? • What led to changes to the way young men and women courted? • Did the Women Suffrage Movement marginalize African-American women? • Jane Adams • Henry Goddard • W.E.B. Dubois • What are ghetto girls?

  5. Progressive Era • Progressivism • Honest and Efficient Government • Effective Regulation of business • Greater Social Justice for the working class • Government as an agency of human welfare • Features • Aimed against the abuses of the Gilded-Age bosses • Paradox of regulation of business by business leaders • Moral Reform • New response to social ills and tensions of the urban-industrial revolution

  6. Antecedents • Populism • Populist Platform of 1892 • Mugwumps • Idea of an honest-government • Socialist critiques • Living and working conditions • Counter the influence

  7. Muckrakers • Henry Demarest Lloyd • Wealth Against the Commonwealth • Jacob Riis • How the Other Half Lives • Golden Age of Muckraking • McClure’s • Lincoln Steffens • The Shame of the Cities • Ida Tarbell • History of the Standard Oil Company

  8. Muckrakers & Popular Support For Reform • Key to gaining public sympathy • Feeding public curiosity for the sordid details of city life • Diagnosis more than remedy • Expose Corruption to End Corruption

  9. Themes of Progressivism • Democratizing government • Efficiency and good government • Regulation of giant corporations • Social justice

  10. Themes of Progressivism: Democracy • Direct Primary • Nominations of candidates by the vote of primary members • Initiative • Designated number of voters petition to have a measure put on the ballot • Referendum • Enact a law directly • Recall • Removal of public petition and vote corrupt officials • Popular Election of Senator • 17th Amendment

  11. Themes of Progressivism: Efficiency and good government • Frederick W. Taylor and scientific management • Assembling line • Productivity and Dehumanization • Commission System • City-manager • Use of specialists (Wisconsin Idea) • Robert M. LaFollette

  12. Themes of Progressivism: Regulation • Complete laissez-faire • Let business work out their own destiny • Public ownership of big business • City-level • Trust-busting • Restore competition • Difficult • Regulation of big business • Problem of regulating the regulators • Regulatory agency under control of those who they regulate

  13. Themes of Progressivism: Social justice • Private charities and state power • Child labor • Night work and dangerous occupations • Erratic Supreme Court • Lochner v New York • Voided 10 hour workday • Muller v. Oregon • Upheld 10 hour workday for women • Bunting v. Oregon • Accepted 10 hour day for both men and women

  14. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire • Stricter building codes and factory inspection acts • Workmen's compensation

  15. prohibition • Saloons in local politics • Suspicion of bossism

  16. Roosevelt's progressivism: The Square Deal • Square Deal • Conservation • Consumer Protection • Regulation of Corporations/big business • Opposition to trust busting • Against wholesale trust-busting • Northern Securities case, 1904 • Railroads engaged in interstate activity and subject to federal authority

  17. Coal strike of 1902 • Cause of strike • 20% wage increase • Reduction to 9 hr. workday • Official recognition of the union • Roosevelt and arbitration • Coals shortage and winter • Conference in Washington • Government control over mines • Effects of strike and settlement • 9 hour workday • 10 wage increase • No union recognition

  18. Further regulation of business • Elkins Acts • Illegal for railroads to take and give secret rebates from freight charges to favorites • Bureau of Corporations • Reports on activities of interstate corporations • Help corporations correct malpractices and avoid lawsuits • Finds could lead to anti-trusts suits • Anti-trust suits • Standard Oil • American Tobacco

  19. Election of 1904 • Republican nomination • TR • Progressive and conservatives voters • Business tycoons • Democratic candidate and positions • Alton Parker • Gold standard • Campaign and result • Swept by TR

  20. Reforms in second term • Hepburn Act • Gave ICC power to set maximum freight rates • Railroads, pipelines, sleeping cars, bridges and ferries • Regulation of food and drugs • Upton Sinclair's The Jungle • Meat Inspection Act • Federal inspection of meats for interstate commerce • Sanitation standards w/in processing plants • Pure Food and Drug Act • Forbade the manufacture , sale or transportation of adulterated, misbranded or harmful foods, drugs and liquors

  21. Conservation • Background • Reckless environmental abuse • Advocates of resource conservation • Early federal actions • Gifford Pinchot • Friend of Roosevelt • Scientific management • HetchHetchy controversy • Newlands Act • Water to arid western states • Consequences • Indians and rural whites • Disruption of natural ecological cycles

  22. Taft's administration • William Howard Taft • Successor to Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 • Support for Roosevelt's policies • Further strengthen of the ICC • Democrats and Bryan • Lower tariff • Against court injunctions against labor actions • Election outcome • Socialist candidate received 421,000 votes • Taft becomes president

  23. Taft and Tariff Reform • William H. Taft • Tariff reform • Preference for lower rates • Problems in Senate • 800 Changes to tariff • Reactions to compromise • Old Guard Republican

  24. Ballinger-Pinchot controversy • Ballinger's actions to undo Roosevelt policies • Reclaimed reserved water power sites for commercial use • Coal lands for • Pinchot and Glavis • Taft fired Pinchot • Taft dismissed Glavis • Impact of the affair • Wedge b/w Roosevelt and Taft • Progressives in party feel alienated

  25. Taft's Achievements • In conservation • More than TR • Set aside forest land in the East • First to withdraw oil reserves from use • 80 anti-trust suits to Roosevelt’s 25 • Mann-Elkins Act • ICC initiate railroad freight rate changes • Telephone and Telegraph regulation • Statehood of Arizona and New Mexico • Children’s Bureau • Constitutional amendments • 16th and 17th amendments

  26. Woodrow Wilson • Wilson's rise to power • His background • Student of politics • President of Princeton • Governor of New Jersey • His nomination

  27. New Nationalism v. New Freedom New Nationalism New Freedom • TR • Regulation of big business • Direct democracy measures • Child Labor laws • Minimum wage • Wilson • More anti trust action • Small business • Lower tariff • Breaking up concentration of financial power on Wall Street

  28. Election of 1912 • Wilson's election • Significance of the election • High mark for progressivism • First presidential primaries • Focus on alternatives • Democrats back into office • Southerners into control • Republican party and conservatism

  29. Wilsonian Reform • Wilson's style • President is the only national voice in affairs • Party Caucus to settle disputes • Tariff reform • Wilson's position • Tariff mad the trusts • Efforts for Senate support • Special session spoke directly to Congress • Underwood-Simmons Act • Reduced import duties on most goods • Lowered average duty from about 37% to 29% • Income tax provisions • 1% of income was taxed if over $3,000 or $4,000 married • Graduated to 6 percent on income of about $20,000 • Federal Reserve System • New National banking system • 12 regional reserve banks • Member banks subscribe 6% of its capital • Expand both the money supply and bank credit

  30. Anti-Trust • Federal Trade Commission Act • Replaced Bureau of Corporations • Defined “unfair trade practices” • “cease and desist orders” • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Practices outlawed • Price discrimination • Mergers and acquisitions that may lessen completion • Exclusive dealings • Labor and farm groups • Farm labor organizations were not unlawful combinations in restraint of trade • Injunctions in labor disputes were not to be handed down by federal courts • Disappointments with administration of the new laws • Advice to businessmen to avoid anti-trust suites • Conservatives to the ICC and federal Reserve • The limits of Wilson's progressivism • Social justice • African Americans

  31. Wilsons return to reform • Plight of the Progressive party • Appointment of Brandeis • Supreme Court Justice • First Jewish member • Social justice champion • Support for land banks and long-term farm loans • Efforts for cheap rural credit • Farm demonstration agents and agricultural education • Federal Highways Act • Labor reform legislation • Adamson Act of 1916 • 8 hour workday • Time and half for overtime

  32. Limits of Progressivism • Acceptance of the public-service concept of the state • Elements of paradox • Disfranchisement of southern African Americans • Manipulation of democratic reforms • Decisions by faceless bureaucratic experts • Decline of voter participation

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