Russian Revolution (1900-1905)

1. Russian Revolution(1900-1905) Class 8-7 Adrian Cheng Jackie Cicchini Robert Lee Michael Xie

2. Describe the land and people of Russia in the year 1900. Russia in the year 1900 was more like a waste land; only 5% of the entire country was used due to the extremely cold weather. The cold climate and the mountainous feature made sea trading impossible. Tsar is the ruler of all in Russia; he has more than 125 million people under his control. Throughout Russia, because of Tsar’s poor ruling and lack of citizen rights, a normal citizen practically owned nothing. The one good thing that Tsar has done was to build the Sergi Witte; a successful railway that runs across Russia from the Trans-Siberia railway connecting to the Chinese Eastern Railway, making trade possible.

3. Who was Czar Nicholas II? Describe his leadership style. Nicholas II was the Tsar of Russia in the early 1900’s. He and his wife (Tsarina) Alexandra were the highest of all power. Nicholas believed in a monarch who does not share power, known as an autocrat. This let him make his own laws, and do whatever he wanted without hesitation. People claim that he was undereducated but that never stopped him. He did what he pleased being inconsiderate of others. He censored all books and newspapers, sent prisoners to freezing Siberia, and killed tons of innocent people with the help of his Cossacks. Nicholas also had a secret police, the okhrana. Because of this he was known as the “Tsar and autocrat of all Russians.” Later on, people grew tired of him, and he decided to give up his throne. But even after he stepped down, liberals have tried to get him back onto the throne.

4. Who was Karl Marx and how did his ideas divide Russians? Karl Marx studied Philosophy and History in University, however Karl Marx’s interest turned to politics after comparing the living standard of a proletariat (peasant/worker) to the noble/landowner classes (and the proletariat living standard were notorious.) Karl Marx eventually created a set of groups called the Communist Correspondence Committee. Marx also provided a set of guidelines to be published within the committees called the Communist Manifesto. This describes the objectives of Communism which would bring the common worker/peasant to power and divide up the land equally. Marx’s ideas were the basis of revolutions in cities across the world including St. Petersburg and Beijing to name a few. He divided up Russia into many factions including the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

5. How was Russian society divided, in terms of wealth and power? The richer of the population were all of noble decent, and are landowners of the land. 300,000 landowners own the same amount of land as 5,000,000 peasants, that’s around 1 landowner for every 17 peasants. Only 1% of the population were of noble decent and have a strong economy, which own 25% of all the land. 80% of the people are peasants who live by farming for the landowners. Autocrats also had most of the power because as a saying goes, “With money, comes power.”

6. Glossary • St.Petersberg – An important city located in West Russia. • Siberia– A cold province in Russia where people are sent to exile or for imprisonment. • Autocrat – A person in charge of an event. • Cossacks – Traditional community of people living in East Europe and Asian Russia, well known for their military skills and horsemanship. • Okhrana – The Czar’s secret police. • Karl Marx – The philosopher who came up with the idea of communism. • Communists – People who believe in a government type where there are no classes, and all people are equal. • Liberals – People who have a political view or social view favoring reform and progress.

7. Works Cited • MSN Encarta – msn.encarta.com • “Russia In War and Revolution” – Josh Brooman • “Russia” • www.geographia.com/russia/rushis01.htm • En.wikipedia.org/wiki/nicholas_II

8. By: Ellie, Teresa, Michelle and Josh 8-7 Russian Revolution 1905-1917

9. What was the Bloody Sunday and why did it a happen? Bloody Sunday is the name of the famous massacre that occurred on Sunday, January 22, 1905, and marked the official start of the Russian revolutionary movement. On this day, over 200,000 workers and peasants peacefully marched to Tsar Nicholas II’s summer palace in St. Petersburg, to present him with a petition for better conditions and pay, lead by the leader of the “workers’ organization”, priest Gapon. The vast crowd of people frightened the authorities and open fire was ordered on the mass of people, killing more than 500 and injuring over 1,000. News of this event sparked strikes and revolts among peasants across the country.

10. What changes in the Tsar’s government followed the Bloody Sunday? On January 22nd 1905, 20,000 workers joined and rebelled against Nicholas II. The workers felt they weren’t treated fairly, and wanted freedom, but the Tsar just shot them. This was followed by a period of struggles for money and other economic demands. Russia was also in turmoil, and caused revolt through the nation, with many problems facing the Tsar. Political groups were formed, and there was another massive strike in October. The Tsar finally issued the October Manifesto (created before), document which grants rights to the people) and the Russians got to elect a Duma.

11. What were the causes of the Feb/March Revolution? The Feb/March Revolution took place in 1917, when the Tsar [Emperor Nicholas II] was forced to abdicate. On February 28th, people in St. Petersburg went on strike. They were dissatisfied with the Tsar, especially his inability to direct Russia in the WWI. People were upset that the Tsar ignored the poor, and made false promises to the public. Blood Sunday and increase mutiny sparked people to revolt. The Tsar and his troops were forced to surrender. This marked the end of the Tsar’s autocracy, and the beginning of Vladimir Lenin’s power.

12. How did World War I affect Russia and the Tsar? World War I was one of the most dreadful wars that occurred. Russia was especially affected, because 150,00 people died from the Battle of Masurian Lakes and Tannenberg. Russia suffered great losses, which were ignored by the Tsar. Then 1917, the Russians turned their forces to Tsar. The citizens of Russia began to rebel against the emperor, Tsar Nicholas. Many of them joined the Bolsheviks’ party. As a result, he became unpopular and got kicked out of Russia .

13. Glossary • Bloody Sunday • A day when a large massacre of workers that were petitioning against the Tsar happened • Vladimir Lenin • A Russian revolutionary leader • Bolsheviks • The communists who represented the workers, and supported Lenin • Abdicate • To formally step down from power • October Manifesto • The document that granted civil liberties and rights to the Russians • Duma • An elected parliament to aid the Tsar in governing

14. Works Cited Information http://encarta.msn.com http://en.internationalism.org/ir/120_1905-i.html http://www.thenagain.info/Webchron/EastEurope/1905Rev.html Leaders of the Russian Revolution [Book] Russia in War and Revolution [Book] Pictures http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Bloody-Sunday-(1905) www.smfc.k12.ca.us http://libcom.org/history/1905-the-russian-revolution

15. Russian Revolution(1917-1918) Class: 8-7 By: Walter Collier Adrian Pang Jeremy Wong Jaslyn Teo

16. Who was Alexander Kerensky and what problems did his Provisional Government face? Alexander Kerensky was the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government when the Czar was kicked out of Russia. However, he didn’t have the support of the Russian people. There were some powerful rebels and Kerensky allowed the Bolsheviks to set up a defense force called the Red Guards, which he became the Minister of War. Later, the Bolsheviks wanted to take over the weakened Provisional Government and encouraged riots and strikes to go to Kerensky.

17. Causes of the Russian Revolution March 8, Woman’s International Day. Peasants, mostly woman paraded down the streets demanding peace, liberty and bread. The main reason for the protests was not because of the job losses or because of the inflation caused by the war.It was also because the peasants felt that their voices were not being heard by the Tsar, Tsarina and the upper classmen. They wanted justice and rights. March 7, 1917, managers of a factory fired their workers when they asked for more pay. Over 20,000 people were jobless and angry, the protests began. As the days went by, the number of workers in the protest increased. Protests marching down the streets of Petrograd

18. From 1899 to 1902 Lenin wrote many serious items, including books, pamphlets, and a newspaper. In a meeting in 1903 Lenin lead a group of radicals called the Bolsheviks, who opposed the Mensheviks; another group of radicals led by Martov, Lenin’s rival. In 1905 Russia went to war with Japan which resulted in many demonstrations and strikes, including Bloody Sunday. In 1914 the emperor abdicated and the Russian monarchy collapsed. Leaving Lenin in power. Lenin's brothers and sisters. Who Is Lenin? How hecame to power Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, or Lenin as he later became, was bore in a small city of Simbrisk, located in central European Russia. Lenin had five brothers and sisters. In 1898 Lenin married to a woman named Nadezhda Krupskaya. They had no children together. Lenin during his arrest in connection with the caseof the St. Petersburg "League of Struggle for theEmancipation of the Working Class."

19. What immediate actions did Lenin following after the Oct/Nov revolution? After the Oct/Nov revolution, Vladimir Lenin set up a government called Sovnarkom. He immediately issued decrees on the people of Russia. A few important ones were decrees on work time and worker’s control. He also wanted peace immediately, so he signed a peace treaty with Germany under any condition. Lenin took power and land away from the nobles, the Tsar, the churches and other landlords, and divide the land among the peasants. He also wanted peace immediately, so he signed a peace treaty with Germany under any condition. Adrian Pang 8-7

20. Glossary

21. Information www.encarat.com Leaders of the Russian Revolution (package) Stalin and the Soviet union (package) From Tsar to Stalin (film) Pictures images.google.com Picsearch.com Works Cited

22. Russian Revolution1918-1924 Class 8-7 Candice, Helena, and Sophia

23. What opposition did Lenin face during the Civil War? How did he win the war? The main opponents Lenin faced were that of revolutionary groups, such as the Mensheviks, Socialists (the whites), anarchists and the Provisional government. Lenin won the war by leading his revolutionary group, the Bolsheviks, or known as the red army, to rebel against the capital. Once Lenin got power over congress and the capital he announced that a new government was to be set up. Lenin The Red Army Lenin with his army

24. How did Lenin try to fix Russia’s problems following the Civil War? Lenin was the Russia's revolutionary leader. To fix Russia's problems following the civil war Lenin helped the peasants by allowing them to pay less tax, some factories were given back to there owner, and people could start using money and didn’t have to barter anymore but since many of them still protested, he came up with the NEP to stop them. He also made a peace treaty with the Germans. This peace treaty was to get out of the war with the Germans. Also to help, Lenin introduced War Communism to Russia. Lenin Two pages of the peace treaty with the Germans

25. Who was Joseph Stalin and how did he differ from Leon Trotsky? Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky both started off on the same side but had different theories on what to do with Russia. At one point, they were both running to be leaders of the USSR. Trotsky lost and as a result, he stepped down and Stalin took power. Even though both Stalin and Trotsky helped make the Red Army stronger, they both wanted to use the army in different ways. When Stalin had complete power, he banished Trotsky from Russia, but since he refused to be quite, Stalin had the secret police (Cheka) murder him in Mexico and Stalin ended the Russian Revolution. Leon Trotsky Pages from Stalin’s book Joseph Stalin

26. Glossary

27. Works Cited Information: http://www.encarta.com Russia in War and Revolution Leaders of the Russian Revolution Stalin and the Soviet Union www.dictionary.com www.reference.com Pictures: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leon_trotsky.htm http://www.flickr.com http://radeonator.blogdrive.com/archive/5.html http://www.outlawnet.com/~oclass/client http://www.vor.ru/English/homeland/home_031.html http://www.gpc.edu/~proseman/RussRev.htm

28. Stalin Class 8-7 Krista Sager Victor Liu Theo Gao Annie Wang 1924-1941

29. What impact did Stalin have on agriculture and Russia’s farmers? During the 1920s, peasants were taxed due to lack of money while building railways, factories, mines & power stations. Peasants decided to keep grain reserved for workers, because they received so little. To solve this problem, there were police raids & strict food rationing. In 1929, peasants were sent to collective farms, or kolkhoz. Kulaks were the richest peasants. In December 1929, kulaks were divided into 3 groups. Actively hostile peasants were deported to Siberia, the wealthiest kulaks were deported to other parts of Russia, and the least harmful of kulaks were allowed to stay, but given the worst land. Peasants had to fight starvation, disease, and the cold. Peasants hated collectivization, so in February 1930, they killed livestock, & destroyed crops, tools & buildings. This dropped Russia’s food production, and started a famine. Peasants eating on a collective farm Peasants harvesting potatoes on a collective farm A Kulak family at home before being deported

30. What impact did Stalin have on industry and Russia’s industrial workers? The Five-Year Plan was to improve Russia’s economy. The three Five-Year Plans spanned from 1929 to 1941. Goals were set for the workers and they had to achieve them under a limited amount of time. Workers who failed were punished. The workers became tired because they worked everyday. However, some liked it and obeyed. These workers received higher pay and better housing. Stalin continued making goals more impossible to achieve, some tasks were so big there were not enough workers. Prisons became labor camps, and the prisoners or zeks worked there. The Gulag was a special department that ran the labor camps. Problems of industrialization included increased amount of peasants, harsh discipline and bad conditions. However, the good thing was that The Five-Year Plan worked and the economy improved. Nobody was unemployed. People dying in a labor camp Mining coal

31. How did Stalin deal with opposition to him or his leadership? Stalin aptly fits his pseudonym “man of steel”. He was a cruel and autocratic ruler. He used his power as General Secretary to control party members and know everything that was happening, which allowed him to build alliances, isolate his rivals and destroy them. Later, when he rose to power, he began the purges: systematic elimination of his enemies. Through the NKVD-the secret police-he crushed all opposition, be it friend or foe. He even went as far as to erase certain enemies, such as Trotsky, from history, and eventually arranged for him to be assassinated in his home in Mexico. Leon Trotsky; Stalin’s opposition

32. How did Stalin promote himself and maintain popularity with the Russian people? Stalin used censorship and propaganda to promote and maintain popularity. He made sure he was recognized as leader; his face was found throughout cities, and landmarks were christened after him. People would applause at mention of his name, and to the public he was known as Universal Genius and Shining Sun of Humanity. Worship of Stalin was strongly encouraged, and propaganda was created to turn people away from religion. Creative work was only allowed to be based on his life or show the progress of communism. Stalin purged those he thought were enemies, resulting with officials loyal only to him. “Under the Leadership of the Great Stalin—Forward to Communism!” “Beloved Stalin—a fortune of the nation!”

33. Glossary

34. Content Longman: 20th Century History Series: Stalin and the Soviet Union – The USSR 1924-53 (booklet) Russia and the USSR Empire of Revolution (book) Pictures http://corbis.com http://www.images.search.yahoo.com http://students.umf.maine.edu/~talbotca/page3.html http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-stalin Bibliography

35. 1939-1953 Alex, Jocelyn, George

36. Russia’s Relationship with other countries During WWII Emblem of Japan’s Imperial Army, the Rising Sun Adolf Hitler, Leader of the Nazi Party For a long time, Russia’s relationship with other countries in WW II has been unstable. Russia tried to join the European Union but was rejected. Later, when world war two started, Stalin signed a peace treaty with Germany to ensure the safety of Russia. Later, when Russia took over two countries that weren’t agreed in the treaty, Hitler declared war on Russia. Because Japan and Germany were allied, Stalin, in order to prevent Japan in joining in the fighting, signed a treaty with Japan. Later, Russia was attacked by 3.1 million German forces, but was saved by the United States of America. Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR

37. What impact did world war two have on Stalin’s power? After World War 2, Stalin desperately tried to regain control and rebuild communist Russia. Sadly after the war Stalin’s mental health was becoming really messed up. He was becoming more unstable, and started madly trying to catch up with the United States in the arms battle of creating more efficient nuclear weapons. During this time, the Russians started distrusting Stalin, but he kept control of the country, until he died. Then Stalin’s mental problems started taking hold and he became sick. On March, 5 of 1953 Stalin died as a result of a stroke. He lived for 72 years. Map of Russia after world war 2 Stalin

38. What actions did Stalin take following World War II to rebuild and extend Russia’s power? After world war II ended in 1945, the Japanese finally surrendered, letting Europe be free for grabs. Stalin noticed and placed an iron-curtain between East and West Europe, controlling who goes in and who goes out. He wanted to control Europe, putting him in a position of power. In 1947, the communist governments got together and the Soviets formed Cominform (Communist Information Bureau), a group of communist leaders, to make sure that everyone followed the model of communism that the Soviets set. The Soviets were in control, and Stalin had the power to stop any communist party that did not follow the model. Stalin also wanted possession of the atomic bomb, a very powerful war weapon, and it was developed on August 1953, after his death. The Iron curtain=red Line between east and west europe. Stalin after world war 2.

39. Glossary • Comintern: A group of communist parties formed by Lenin in 1919 that ended in 1943. • Nazi-Soviet Pact: Peace treaty signed by the Nazi party and the USSR promising half of Poland in return. • Neutrality Pact: Pact between Soviet Union and Japan, formed after the war between the Soviets and Japanese in 1939. • Scorched Earth Policy: In the event the red army betrays the country. All rolling stock must be evacuated. All valuable stock must be destroyed or turned over to the government. • Reconstruction: To rebuild something that has been damaged or destroyed. • Iron Curtain: A border separating east Europe and west Europe from each other.

40. Work Cited • www.ukraine.org/maps.html • Film: From Tzar to Stalin • Booklet: Stalin and the Soviet Union • www.encarta.msn.com