The American Colonies Emerge

1. The American Colonies Emerge Chapter 2

2. Spain’s Empire in the Americas Section 1

3. Main Idea Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquered Central America and portions of North America.

4. Why It Matters Now Spanish language, religion, and architecture continues to influence the Americas

5. Why was Cortés interested in the Aztec empire? He was interested in the territory and vast wealth of the Aztec empire.

6. What factors enabled the Spaniards to conquer the Aztec? The Spaniards superior weapons, the diseases that accompanied them, and the support of other native peoples.

7. Why did the Spanish begin to use African slaves on their plantations in the New World? They needed the slaves to work in the mines and plantations after the Spanish monarchy abolished the encomienda.

8. Why did the Spanish build a road between Santa Fe and Mexico City? As a means by which goods could be transported back and forth.

9. Why did the Native Americans of New Mexico revolt against the Spanish settlers? The settlers had forced the Native Americans to pay tribute. Those who failed to pay or who were caught practicing their native religion were abused physically.

10. Spain established a profitable empire in the Americas • Cortés conquers the Aztec • Spain took gold and silver from Mexico • Spaniards established the encomienda system • Many natives died from disease • Spaniards established settlements from Mexico north to Florida and New Mexico

11. Do you agree or disagree with the statement: The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, which led to the creation of Mexico, was neither a triumph nor a defeat?

12. If you agree: • Large mestizo population in Mexico – reflecting mixed Spanish and native heritage

13. If you disagree: • The native peoples were conquered by force, depleted by disease, and subjugated under a harsh labor system, and therefore had little choice but to submit to Spanish influence.

14. The Spaniards’ exploration and settlement north of Mexico and their interaction with Native Americans there • Early Spanish explorers failed to find much gold, so settlement was limited to far-flung missions and defensive outposts. • Spanish missionaries provided Native Americans with material goods, education, and protection, but sometimes abused them and suppressed their culture. • Some Native Americans converted to Christianity, but others resisted violently

15. What can you infer from the fact that approximately 17,000 Native Americans from all over New Mexico took part in Popé’s rebellion? • The Native Americans were well organized. • The Spanish priests had alienated a large number of Native Americans during the previous decades.

16. Geography Skill Builder Page 39

17. How many voyages to the Americas did Columbus make? • Four

18. In what years did England and France sail to the Americas and which regions did they explore? • English • 1497, 1609, and 1610 • They explored the east coast and upper Canada • French • 1524 and 1534-1535 • In 1673 and 1682, they explored parts of Canada and the mid-western and southern United States

19. An English Settlement at Jamestown Section 2

20. Main Idea The first permanent English settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

21. Why It Matters Now English colonies in Virginia developed into the present states of the southern United States

22. What factors contributed to the near failure of Jamestown? Disease, the unwillingness of many colonists to work, and the hostile actions of the Powhatan.

23. Why was tobacco so important to the Jamestown colony? Tobacco became very popular in Europe and proved to be a high profitable cash crop.

24. How did the conditions of indentured servitude differ from those of the headright system? The headright system allowed settlers to purchase their own land. Indentured servants worked for a landowner for a limited period of time, usually four to seven years.

25. What factors led to the importation of slaves to Virginia? • As the number of indentured servants in the colony declined, colonists needed laborers to work the tobacco plantations. • An increase in wealth enabled them to pay for more expensive slave imported from the Caribbean

26. Why were the colonists in conflict with Powhatan? • Still angry because of Powhatan’s treatment of them during the Starving Time, the settlers began demanding tribute. • Plus, the colonists kept moving further and further into Powhatan territory

27. Why was Nathaniel Bacon frustrated with Governor Berkley? • Bacon, like many settlers, was frustrated because Berkley had levied taxes on poor settlers and failed to use the money he gained from those taxes to build forts and protest settlers from hostile Native Americans.

28. Timeline of the major developments in the colonization of Virginia • 1607 – Jamestown founded • 1609 – The Starving Time began • 1612 – John Rolfe developed new strain of tobacco • 1618 – Headright system introduced • 1619 – first slaves arrived in Virginia and House of Burgesses first met • 1622 – Chief Opechancanough led raids on settlers • 1624 – King James I made Virginia a royal colony • 1675 – Fighting erupts between settlers and Native Americans • 1676 – Bacon’s Rebellion

29. The success of tobacco farming in Virginia had wide-ranging effects. • Jamestown colonists – revived a failing colony • Indentured servants – provided the possibility for work and new life • Powhatan – tobacco required much land which the colonists took from them • Planters – gained most of the tobacco wealth

30. The following lines appear in Michael Drayton’s 1606 poem, “To the Virginian Voyage” “When as the luscious smell of that delicious land Above the sea that flows The clear wind throws Your hearts to swell”

31. What do these lines tell you about the expectations many colonists had before they arrived in Virginia? • The poem suggests an idealized land, where rich harvests provided a “delicious” smell, the wind is “clear,” and invigorating but not oppressive, where hopes and dreams are possible.

32. Puritan New England Section 3

33. Main Idea English Puritans came to North America, beginning in 1620.

34. Why It Matters Now The United States continues to use an expanded form of representative government begun by the Puritans.

35. How were the Separatists different from other Puritans? Separatists wanted to separate from the Anglican Church, the state church of England. Other Puritans wanted only to reform the Anglican Church from within.

36. Why did the Puritans leave England? Some Puritans, such as the “Pilgrims,” left to break with the Church of England. Other Puritans left to escape political, social, and economic turmoil.

37. Who could vote in Massachusetts Bay Colony? Stockholders in the Massachusetts Bay Company and all adult males who belonged to the Puritan church.

38. What two principles did Providence guarantee that Massachusetts Bay did not? Separation of church and state Religious freedom

39. How did Native Americans view land treaties? Native Americans believed that land treaties were agreements to share, not own, the land, and for a limited period of time.

40. Cause and Effect

41. Anne Hutchinson • Puritans believed their way of worship was the only way, that their leaders carried out God’s will, and that society needed to be tightly knit and behavior strictly controlled. • Puritans leaders may have felt especially threatened by Hutchinson’s views because she was a woman and the church and society were male-dominated.

42. Settlement of the Middle Colonies Section 4

43. Main Idea The Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers led by William Penn settle Pennsylvannia.

44. Why It Matters Now The principles of tolerance and equality promoted in the Quaker settlement remain fundamental values in America.

45. What were the important characteristics of the colony of New Netherland? Ethnic diversity Religious tolerance Generally good relations with Native Americans

46. How did the Quaker beliefs compare to the Puritan beliefs? Both groups believed in a personal experience of God. However, Puritans had ministers while the Quakers did not

47. How did Penn’s attitudes and actions toward the Native Americans differ from those of the Puritans? Penn desired to gain respect and friendship and paid Native Americans for their land. Puritans generally viewed Native Americans as heathens controlled by evil and eventually set out to remove or destroy them.

48. New Netherland • To attract settlers, the Dutch of New Netherland opened their colony to people of all backgrounds, including free Africans. • Williams Penn followed the Dutch example in Pennsylvania. • From these actions resulted colonies of extraordinary diversity and vitality.

49. Where’d the come from and what’s their name?

50. Colonial Meeting Houses(page 57) • Both favor a simple, unadorned exterior and interior. Both are “meetinghouses” that resemble regular houses. Puritans had pulpits which emphasized the importance of their ministers; Quakers had seats that faced each other so that anyone in the congregation could participate in the service. • The central aisle leads to the alter which is separated by a screen. The well-to-do had highly decorated pews in accordance with their socioeconomic status.