Write six points about this picture source in a starter box

1. Write six points about this picture source in a starter box

2. Success criteria: • Gold:Compare and contrast developments to identify which were most significant • Silver:Explain the developments and consequences in agriculture • Bronze:Identify reasons for and explain developments in agriculture

3. Year 9 History Objectives: The Agrarian Revolution Complete: wkbk pp.12-top of 15 except for exercise 8 page 13. Homework: Research an agriculatural invention (machine). Draw and label it and explain how it enhanced food production.

4. Charles Townshend and four field crop rotation • The new landlords, either noblemen or the new landed gentry, turned the peasants off their land. This left many people homeless and with no means of making a living. Most were forced to beg in order to survive. The landowners, however, could now farm entire, enclosed fields.

5. One such landowner was Charles Townshend. Townshend became the 2nd. Viscount Townshend of Raynham in 1687. He was an able politician, reaching the position of Secretary of State in the reign of George I. He retired from politics in 1730 and turned his attention to his estate in Norfolk. Townshend introduced a new type of crop rotation which was already practised in Holland. It rotated crops on a four year basis and used turnips and clover as two of the crops in the rotation.

6. Robert Bakewell and animal breeding Bakewell was an 18th century English agriculturalist who introduced stockbreeding methods that transformed the quality of Britain's cattle, horses and sheep. Robert Bakewell was born near Loughborough in Leicestershire into a family of tenant farmers. As a young man he travelled extensively in Europe, learning about other farming methods. On his return home he served his apprenticeship under his father until he took control of the farm in 1760 when his father died. One quarter of the farm was given over to arable farming, with the rest set aside for grass. Bakewell pioneered grassland irrigation, diverting rivers and building canals to flood the fields, and establishing experimental plots to test different manure and flooding methods.

7. However, Bakewell's great innovation was to begin breeding 'in-and-in'. Previously livestock of both sexes were kept together in the fields with random breeding resulting in many different breeds with their own unique, but random, characteristics. Bakewell separated males from females, allowing mating only deliberately and specifically. Furthermore, by inbreeding his livestock he fixed and exaggerated those traits he thought were desirable. • He started with the old Lincolnshire breed of sheep that he turned into the New Leicester. These sheep were big and delicately boned, had good quality fleece and fatty fore quarters, in keeping with the popular taste for fatty shoulder mutton. He also began the practice of hiring out his prize rams to farmers to improve their own stock. He established the Dishley Society to maintain the purity of the New Leicester breed, but after his death taste in meat changed and the New Leicester consequently died out. Newer breeds retain a lineage that is founded on Bakewell's sheep. • With cattle, Bakewell had noticed that the Longhorn breed appeared to be the most efficient meat producers. They ate less and put on more weight than any other breed. As with the sheep, he began breeding in-and-in to enhance their characteristics and enable him to 'grow' more meat, more efficiently. By the time he had finished, his cattle were fat and meaty but, like the New Leicester sheep, the Longhorns went out of fashion when one of his apprentices, Charles Colling, created the shorthorn breed. While few cattle today are based on Bakewell's breeds, his methods have become accepted practice world-wide. • Bakewell died in October 1795.

8. The Enclosure Actsa summary of the movement from strip farming to enclosure • 1801 General Enclosure Act • Motivation: • Increase in price of _____and ______ • Political power of ___________ class ensure applications succeeded • Impact: larger plots required ______, crop __________, less l______ required to tend fields

9. Negative effects of enclosure: • _________ tenants were evicted • ____________ land was allocated to farmers to be enclosed • Poor farmers allocated s______ plots and could no longer compete • M____________ of the peasants, as they left for towns looking for work • Conditions in t______ were bad: l___ wages and poor c________

10. Between 1693 and 1700, the harvests were poor due to the exceptionally wet weather. • Wheat prices were higher than 48 shillings per quarter. • From 1700 until 1765, the harvests were much improved and the price of a quarter of wheat averaged around 40 shillings. • Between 1730 and 1740, wheat prices fell to an all time low. • People found themselves better off and had more money to spend on consumer goods. • Around 1770, the population increase turned England into an importer of wheat rather than an exporter.