Write down five things you notice about this picture.

1. Write down five things you notice about this picture.

2. Nutrition

3. What’s the big deal? • Differentiate between nutrition & nutrient • List the 6 basic nutrient groups • Discuss difference between ruminant & non • Discuss the importance of various nutrients • Within the ration • Deficiencies

4. Nutrition! • Nutrition: • Refers to the animal receiving a proper and balanced food and water ration so that it can: • Grow • Maintain its body • Reproduce • Supply a product • Work, Eggs, Milk, Meat, Sale of offspring, Fur/Pelts, or companionship

5. So then, what’s a nutrient? • Nutrient: • A single food or group of foods of the same general chemical composition that support life • Water • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Fats • Vitamins • Minerals • (Fiber) They’re IMPORTANT!!!!

6. But let’s not get ahead of ourselves • Digestion! • Process of breaking down food material into various nutrient forms that can be absorbed • Two types: • Ruminant • Cows, sheep, goats • Nonruminant • Horses, pigs, people • Avian • Chickens (but they’re weird!)

7. Ruminant Animals The rumen makes up ~80% of the stomach with a capacity of 50-60 gallons! • “Forage-Consuming” • “Multi-Stomached” • Four compartments • Rumen • Fermentation (microbes!) • Reticulum • Sorting (hardware) • Omasum • Many piles—water removal • Abomasum • True Stomach

9. Ruminant Digestion • Mastication • Saliva • Aids in chewing & swallowing • Aids in controlling stomach pH • pH= The acidity or alkalinity of a substance • Salivary amylase (enzyme) changes starch into maltose • Enzyme= Complex protein substance produced by the body and necessary for biochemical reactions • Biochemical reactions = chemical reactions that take place in the cells of plants and animals (respiration, digestion & assimilation)

10. Non-ruminant digestion

11. Process • Food passage: mouth -> esophagus ->stomach • Stomach: • Breaks down food material • Secretes digestive juices • Break down proteins and fat • Stomach -> small intestine • Primary site of digestion • Absorption of carbs, fats & proteins • Absorption= The taking in of fluids

12. The Small Intestine • Doudodenum • Enzymes break down fats • Jejunum & Ileum • Active absorption sites

13. The Large Intestine • Undigested food • Cecum • Colon • Anus • Functionality depends on species

14. A few minor exceptions • Horses • No gallbladder! • Bile is secreted from the liver • Consumes lots of forage • SMALL single stomach with LARGE cecum & colon • Roughage, Concentrates

15. Another exception • Rabbits • Similar to horses, EXCEPT: • Coprophagy • Eat their feces • Allows system to take full use of bacteria

16. Avian • A completely different story! • “Single stomached” • Unique organs • No teeth!

17. Avian • Esophagus -> Crop • Crop=enlarged esophagus; storage & softening • Crop -> Ventriculus (Gizzard) • Largest organ; grinds the food • Ventriculus -> Small Intestine • Broken down with enzymes; absorption lower • Intestine -> Cloaca • Junction point • 2 Ceca—little digestion

18. Biochemical Reactions • Respiration • The process by which oxygen is supplied to the cells and tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide • Digestion • The breakdown of food materials and the absorption of nutrients • Assimilation • Conversion of food material into a form that can be absorbed

19. Water • Supports biochemical reactions • Transports nutrients • Helps maintain body temperature • Helps give the body form • Carries waste from the body

20. Water • More important than any other nutrient • Can survive without food, NEED WATER! • Loss from blood • Reduced circulation • Decreased O2 carrying capacity • Lowers disease resistance • Quickly absorbed

21. Water • IMPORTANT: • Good, clean, fresh WATER! • Infectious organisms in H2O will be absorbed as quickly as the water • Water = good carrier for drugs or chemicals for disease control

22. Water • Makes up 55-65% of animal’s body • Makes up 90-95% of animal’s blood • Makes up 72-78% of animal’s muscle • Makes up 30-40% of animal’s bone

23. Water • Do you think it’s a big deal??

24. Protein • Developing and repairing body organs & tissues • Producing milk, wool & eggs • Developing the fetus • Generating enzymes & hormones • Enzyme: Necessary for biochemical reactions • Hormone: Chemicals that are produced in one part of the body but trigger responses in another part • Developing antibodies • Antibody: substance produced in response to antigen • Transmitting DNA • DNA: Genetic material that carries hereditary codes

25. Protein • Broken down into amino acids • 25 amino acids in animal feeds • 10 essential • Cannot be supplied by the animal’s body

26. Protein • Ruminants • Capable of manufacturing all AA required if more are given in large enough quantities • N combines with CHOs • Poultry • Also require glycine • Cystine • Can replace methionine => essential • Amounts needed depend on species and stage of growth

27. Carbohydrates • Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen • Provide ENERGY!! • Support bodily functions (basal metabolism) • Producing heat to keep the body warm • Store fat

28. Carbohydrates • Made up of (NFE): • Sugars • Starches • Crude Fiber • Nitrogen Free Extract • The easily and completely digested sugars and starches

29. Carbohydrates • Crude Fiber • Non-digestible bulk or roughage • Species will determine amount

30. Fats (Lipids) • Provide Energy • Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins • Provide Fatty Acids • Linoleic, linolinic & arachidonic (Essential) • Most animals require less than 3%

31. Fats (Lipids) • Same chemicals as carbs • Different composition • 2.25 times more energy than carbs

32. Vitamins • Regulate digestion • Develop normal vision, bone & external covering • Regulate body glands • Form new cells • Protect against disease • Develop and maintain the nervous system

33. Vitamins • What’s the big deal? • Organic substances required in very small amounts to aid in biochemical reactions • Classified by solubility • Fat or water soluble • Solubility: capable of being dissolved. Vitamins are classified as fat soluble or water soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored by the body; water soluble vitamins are stored in limited amounts

34. Vitamins • Fat soluble vitamins • Stored and accumulated in the liver and fatty tissue • A, D, E & K

35. Vitamins • Vitamin A • Required to prevent: • Poor vision • Respiratory ailments • Digestive problems • Reproductive difficulties • Sources • Green leafy plants • Carotene (precursor/provitamin)

36. Vitamins • Vitamin D (D2 & D3) • Associated with use of Ca & P • Deficiency= weak/trembling legs • Rickets • If getting enough sunlight ≠ problem • Sources • Good quality, sun cured hay

37. Vitamins • Vitamin E • Antioxidant • Fertility in rats • Successful reproduction in others • Deficiency: • White muscle disease • Breeding, fertility, abortion, & miscarriage issues in rabbits • Muscle development • Sources: • Generally not a problem and available in most rations

38. Vitamins • Vitamin K • Maintenance of normal blood coagulation • Deficiency: • Respiratory illness in rabbits • Sources: • Green forages • Seeds • Good hay • Coumadin (Warfarin)

39. Vitamins • Water soluble vitamins • C vitamins and B complex vitamins • Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, inositol, cobalamin, (B12), pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, choline, and para-amino benzoic acid

40. Vitamins • Vitamin C • Ascorbic Acid • Produced in digestive system • Deficiency: • Scurvy (guinea pigs & monkeys) • Diarrhea • Unstable (breaks down quickly when combined in feeds) • Sources: • Citrus

41. Vitamins • Vitamin B (Thiamine) • One of the first vitamins discovered! • Required for normal metabolism of carbohydrates • Deficiency: • Decreased appetite • Muscular weakness • Polyneuritis (paralysis) • Sources: • Raw, whole grains • Problems: • Raw freshwater fish in ration destroys thiamine

42. Vitamins • Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) • Metabolism of amino acids & carbohydrates • Deficiency: • Poor hatchability • Deformed chicks • Crippled or deformed young • Eye problems • Sources: • Whole or skim milk, green forages, & good quality hay, supplement at low cost

43. Vitamins • Niacin • Usually not sufficient in “included” feeds • Deficiency: • Pellegra (Black Tongue) • Digestive disorders • Stunted growth • Sources: • Supplement

44. Vitamins • Pantothenic Acid • Low in corn, but high in most other feeds • Deficiency: • Skin condition near beak • Stunted growth in turkeys • Goose Stepping (swine) • Sources: • Chemical sources, most feed material except corn

45. Vitamins • Vitamin B12 • Cobalamin • Essential for multiple biochem reactions • Deficiency: • Growth & reproduction • Blood formation issues • Sources: • Chemical, fish meal, fish solubles, liver meal, and dried milk products

46. Vitamins • Choline • Transportation and metabolism of fatty acids • Deficiency: • Slipped tendons(periosis) • Kidney & Liver damage • “Fatty liver” • Sources: • Most feeds, supplements

47. Vitamins • Folic acid • Normal cell development • Deficiency: • Poor growth • Various blood disorders • Sources: • Most feeds; supplements not usually required

48. Vitamins • Biotin • Carbon dioxide fixation & carboxylation • Deficiency: • Dermatis • Hair loss • Stunted growth • Sources: • Most feeds; avidin in raw egg white makes biotin unavailable to the animal

49. Vitamins • Inositol • B-complex vitamin • Deficiency and sources unknown • Para-amino benzoic acid • Essential for growth of microorganisms • Deficiency and sources unknown

50. Vitamins • Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) • Fat metabolism • Transportation and synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids • Deficiency: • Poor growth, anemia, & convulsions • Sources: • Most feed stuffs