Getting to California

1. Ch 27 Sec 1: The Nixon Agenda ____________ - those Americans who were not protesting in the streets or complaining about the government, and Nixon felt that their voices were not being heard. ____________ - increasing the power of state and local governments by providing direct federal money to them. ____________ - Nixon’s National Security Advisor who suggested America to take a friendlier approach to the Soviet Union and China in order to end the Vietnam War. ____________ - “peaceful coexistence” a relaxation of tensions between the United States and communist nations ____________ - Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty between the United States and Soviet Union that actually limited the number of nuclear weapons produced ____________ - Nixon and Kissinger’s strategy of playing the paranoia of the Soviet Union and China against one another to get “a better deal” with each nation wanting to be recognized as the leader of communism Getting to California

2. Textbook Assignment (pp.832-837) Section 1: The Nixon Agenda • What groups did President Nixon and AttorneyGeneral John Mitchell want to establish “law and order” with? • How did Nixon’s policy of détente differ from the policies of previous Cold War presidents? • What did Nixon hope to achieve with his trip to China? • Who did the United States make the SALT I agreement with and what was its significance? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 2

3. Chapter Objectives Section 1: The Nixon Agenda • Describe Nixon’s domestic agenda. • Discuss Nixon’s foreign policy achievements. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 2

4. Guide to Reading Main Idea President Nixon sought to restore law and order and traditional values at home and to ease Cold War tensions abroad. Key Terms and Names • Southern strategy • Henry Kissinger • détente • summit • revenue sharing • impound Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-1

5. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 1-4

6. “Publicly, we say one thing….Actually, we do another.” - Richard Nixon Time Notebook 6

7. Appealing to Middle America • Although many people were on the streets protesting, Nixon was convinced many Americans voices were not being heard. • The 1968 Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon, appealed to the people whom he called “Silent Majority” • He promised them peace in Vietnam, law and order, a streamlined government, and a return to conservative values. (pages 832–835) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-5

8. Appealing to Middle America(cont.) • The Democratic nominee, Hubert Humphrey, and a third party-candidate, George Wallace, could not stop Nixon. • He won, receiving 43.4 percent of the popular vote. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-6

9. Appealing to Middle America(cont.) • Much of Nixon’s success in the election came from the South. • Nixon had promised to appoint conservatives to the federal courts, to name a Southerner to the Supreme Court, to oppose court-ordered busing, and to choose a vice president acceptable to the South. • As a result, a large number of white Southerners left the Democratic Party and voted for Nixon. (pages 832–835) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-7

10. Appealing to Middle America(cont.) • After his election victory, Nixon began the Southern strategy to win even more Southerners to the Republican Party. • He took steps to slow desegregation. (pages 832–835) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-8

11. Appealing to Middle America(cont.) • To keep his promise of law and order, Nixon set out to battle American crime. Nixon criticized the Supreme Court regarding expanded rights for accused criminals. • When Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren retired Nixon appointed Warren Burger as Chief Justice. • He appointed several conservative judges to the Supreme Court, including one from the South. (pages 832–835) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-8

12. Appealing to Middle America(cont.) • Nixon’s Republican leaders dismantled several federal programs and gave more control to state and local governments. • Under Nixon’s NewFederalism program, Congress passed a series of revenue-sharing bills that provided federal funds to state and local agencies. • Intended to give state and local agencies increased power, it actually led to a greater dependency on federal funds. (pages 832–835) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-9

13. Appealing to Middle America(cont.) • In 1969 Nixon proposed replacing the existing Aid to Families with Dependant Children (AFDC) welfare program with the Family Assistance Plan. • The plan would give needy families a guaranteed yearly grant of $1,600 (equal to $8,000 today). • The program won House approval but was later defeated in the Senate. (pages 832–835) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-10

14. Nixon’s Foreign Policy • President Nixon’s administration focused mainly on the subject of foreign affairs. • Nixon chose former Harvard professor Henry Kissinger as his national security adviser. • Nixon and Kissinger put their foreign policy in place and attempted friendlier relations with the Soviet Union and China. (pages 835–837) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-12

15. Henry Kissinger and his family fled Nazi Germany in 1938. He studied at Harvard and later became a professor there. In 1973 he shared the Nobel Peace Prize with North Vietnamese leader Le Duc Tho. FYI 1-1

16. Ping-Pong Diplomacy In April 1971, nearly a year before President Nixon made his historic trip there, Communist China welcomed a different kind of U.S. delegation–the American ping-pong team. When the team received their surprise invitation, Time magazine called it “the ping-pong heard round the world.” The nine players, four officials, and two spouses who arrived on the Chinese mainland were the first Americans to enter China since the Communist takeover in 1949.In another example of the continuing efforts to normalize relations with China, Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing arrived at the National Zoo in 1972. A gift from China, the rare giant pandas attracted visitors and volunteers. In addition, the pair provided a wealth of scientific knowledge about the endangered panda. Following the deaths of Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing in 1992 and 1999, the National Zoo made arrangements to borrow two new pandas from China. Tian-Tian and Mei Xiang arrived in December 2000. F/F/F 1-Fact

17. Nixon’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • Nixon was anti-Communist but came to reject the idea of a bipolar world with the United States and the Soviet Union confronting each other. • Nixon felt the “multipolar” world would need a different approach. • With the help of Kissinger, Nixon created the approach of détente, or relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals–the Soviet Union and China. (pages 835–837) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-13

18. Analyzing Visuals Analyzing Political Cartoons Study the cartoon to the right. What is the artist’s message about the impact of the arms buildup on the average citizen in both the Soviet Union and the United States? The arms race burdened citizens. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-22

19. Nixon’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • Nixon argued that the United States had to build a better relationship with its rivals to ensure world peace. • To ease tensions with China, Nixon lifted trade and travel restrictions and withdrew the Seventh Fleet from defending Taiwan. (pages 835–837) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-14

20. Nixon’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • In February 1972, Nixon took a historic trip to China, where both leaders agreed to better relations between the nations. (pages 835–837) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-14

21. Nixon’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • After learning of the negotiations between the United States and China, the Soviet Union suggested an American-Soviet summit, or high-level diplomatic meeting, in May 1972. • Nixon became the first president since World War II to visit the Soviet Union. (pages 835–837) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-15

22. Nixon’s Foreign Policy(cont.) • During the summit, the countries signed the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) to limit nuclear arms. • The countries agreed to increase trade and the exchange of scientific information. (pages 835–837) Section 1-16

23. End of Section 1