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Cell Structure

Cell Structure. Prokaryotes Pro = before Karyon = nucleus Lacks: Nucleus Internal compartments (membrane bound organelles) Small, simple, single-celled organisms BACTERIA. Eukaryotes Eu = true Karyon = nucleus Has: Nucleus Internal compartments (membrane bound organelles)

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Cell Structure

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  1. Cell Structure

  2. Prokaryotes Pro = before Karyon = nucleus Lacks: Nucleus Internal compartments (membrane bound organelles) Small, simple, single-celled organisms BACTERIA Eukaryotes Eu = true Karyon = nucleus Has: Nucleus Internal compartments (membrane bound organelles) Complex, multi-celled organisms PLANTS & ANIMALS Two Types of Cells

  3. Prokaryotic Cells • Bacteria • Have no nuclei or internal compartments • Small, single-celled organisms

  4. Prokaryotic Structures • Cell wall • surrounds the cell membrane and provides structure and support • Can have three shapes: • coccus (spherical) • bacillus (rod-shaped) • spirillum (spiral)

  5. Flagella/Cilia(Factory Vehicles) • threadlike structures • protrude from the cell’s surface • allows for movement

  6. Eukaryotic Cells • Animal Cells or Plant Cells • Have a nucleus and organelles • Complex and multi-celled

  7. Eukaryotic Structure Animal Cell Plant Cell

  8. All Cells Have: • Cell (plasma) membrane • Cytoplasm • Ribosomes • DNA

  9. Cell (Plasma) Membrane(POLICEMAN) • Separates the cell from its environment • Regulates what enters and exits the cell • Protects the cell

  10. Cytoplasm(RIVER) • Semi-fluid (jelly-like) interior of the cell • What holds the cell’s structures

  11. Centrioles(DIVIDERS) • ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS • Make microtubules (for cytoskeleton) • Help cells divide • Found in pairs next to nucleus

  12. Nucleus(BRAIN) • Control (information) center • Manages all cell functions • Contains DNA

  13. Nuclear Membrane/Envelope(GUARD OF NUCLEUS) • Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell • Regulates what enters and exits the nucleus • Protects the nucleus

  14. Nucleolus(RIBOSOME MAKER) • Found inside the nucleus • Makes ribosomes

  15. Ribosomes(BUILDERS) • Are “free” (scattered in cytoplasm) or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. • Make (synthesize) proteins

  16. Chromatin(DNA) • Genetic information • DNA provides the instructions for all the activities that occur in a cell

  17. Endoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) • Network of membranes (2 Kinds)

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) • Rough ER • Ribosomes attached • Move proteins through cell • Where proteins are made

  19. Endoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) • Smooth ER • No ribosomes attached • Make lipids; break down toxic substances

  20. Golgi Apparatus/Body(MAILMAN/UPS) • Processes, packages and ships new proteins • Flattened membrane

  21. Vesicles(VEHICLES) • Small sac that transports things • Takes newly made proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus new proteins ER Vesicle Golgi apparatus

  22. Lysosomes(TRASHMAN) • Contain digestive enzymes • Digest worn out cell parts, food, or invaders

  23. Vacuoles(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE) • Stores water, food, wastes, and other materials

  24. Vacuoles(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE) • When full gives plants rigidity • Animal cells only have small vacuoles • Plants have a CENTRAL VACUOLE • Very large

  25. Mitochondria(POWERPLANT) • Produces energy for the cell • Uses food (glucose) and oxygen to make energy • Have own DNA and ribosomes

  26. Cytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK) • Microscopic fibers • Microtubules and Microfilaments

  27. Cytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK) • Microfilaments: • threadlike structures made up of the protein actin • produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell • help with movement

  28. Cytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK) • Microtubules • hollow structures made of tubulins (protein) that help maintain cell shape • play an important role in cell division • build projections from the cell surface—cilia and flagella—that enable some cells to swim rapidly through liquids

  29. PLANT CELL ONLY!!!

  30. Chloroplast(CHEF) • Produce energy for cell by photosynthesis • Convert light energy into food energy • Store as starch

  31. Leukoplasts (COOKIE JARS) Stores starch Chromoplasts (CRAYOLAS) Stores colored pigments ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

  32. Cell Wall(SKELETON) • ONLY IN PLANT CELLS • (and prokaryotes) • Surrounds cell membrane • Supports and protects cell

  33. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • CELL The basic unit of life. • What is a group of cells working together?

  34. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • TISSUE A group of similar cells working together to perform a function. • What is a group of tissues working together?

  35. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • ORGAN A group of similar tissues working together to perform a function. • What is a group of organs working together?

  36. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • SYSTEM A group of similar organs working together to perform a function. • What is a group of organ systems working together?

  37. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • ORGANISM A group of similar organ systems working together to perform a function.

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