The Cold War

1. The Cold War United States v. Soviet Union

2. Cold War • The Cold War was a time after WW2 when the USA and the Soviet Union were rivals for world influence.

3. The U. S. & the U. S. S. R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20c

4. From Friends to Enemies? What Happened?

5. Class work • Directions: Using the maps on page 849 in your textbook and the map that follows, label the Europe after World War II map. • Label: • Communist Countries • Non-Communist Countries • Iron Curtain • NATO Countries • Warsaw Pact Countries

7. What was the Cold War? • The Cold War was… • The post-WW2 struggle between the US and USSR over political differences that was carried on by both direct and indirect means around the world • It involved • Propaganda • Espionage • Diplomacy • War by proxy • Covert operations • Open Confrontation

8. What were the roots of the Cold War? • Ideological Differences • Democracy vs. Totalitarian Communism • Capitalism vs. Marxist Communism • WW2 Experiences • USSR experienced GREAT loss • People (20+ million), Land, Infrastructure • Allied Decision Making • Western delay in 2nd front >> mistrust • US – GB ties… Atlantic Charter & War Strategy • End of war realities • Death, Destruction, Occupation, Reconstruction

9. What were the roots of the Cold War? • Competing Visions & Goals • US • Democratic Self-Determination & Free Trade • Strong Germany & Europe • USSR • Promote Global Communism • Weak Germany, Buffer Zone & Reparations • Soviet Recovery & Status • The UN & Post-WW2 World • Formed 1945 in SF • Purpose • Promote World Peace & Cooperation • Organization • Security Council (5 Permanent w/ veto + 6 Rotating) • General Assembly

10. Beginning of Cold War • The Cold War was an economic and political power struggle from 1945-1989 • Following World War II, Soviet forces occupied much of Eastern and Central Europe and East Germany. • Following World War II, Germany was divided as follows: • A. West Germany was occupied by United States, Great Britain, and France until the adoption of democracy

11. Beginning of Cold War • B. East Germany was dominated by the Soviet Union. • Berlin was occupied by all Four powers. The United States organized the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to Berlin when the Soviets blockaded routes from West Germany to West Berlin. • Following World War II, Japan was occupied by the United States until the adoption of democracy.

12. The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990 Post WW II: 4 zones created West Germany US, Great Britain, France East Germany: Soviet Union Berlin: German capital split into eastern & western halves

13. Berlin Blockade • The Berlin Blockade was an attempt by the Soviet Union to block Allied access to the German city of Berlin in 1948 and 1949. • Ultimately, the blockade turned out to be a total political failure for the Soviet Union, and the West managed to turn it into a major victory. • This event was one of the first major conflicts of the Cold War, and the lessons of it were kept in mind during future episodes of tension between the Soviet Union and the Western world.

14. Berlin Blockade • In June 1948, Allied efforts to produce a unified currency for West Germany triggered alarm in the Soviet Union, and officials decided to block all access to Berlin, in the hopes of forcing the Allies to give them more control of the city. • Essentially, the Soviet Union planned to starve the city in order to coerce the West into capitulating.

15. Berlin Blockade • When the Soviet Union announced the blockade, the West was forced to make a decision about how to deal with. • Giving in to Russian demands was rejected as an option, and some consideration was given to invasion. • Ultimately, officials decided that this would be too dangerous, and they seized upon the idea of simply waiting the blockade out.

16. Berlin Blockade • For the citizens of Berlin, who only had a month of supplies available, this solution posed an obvious problem. • The remedy turned out to be the Berlin Airlift, an ambitious plan to supply all of the fuel, food, and shelter needs of West Berlin by plane. • At the peak of the airlift, planes were landing in Berlin every three minutes, and sometimes planes didn't even land, instead shoving out pallets of supplies and zooming out again.

17. Berlin Blockade • In May 1949, the Russians realized that the Berlin Blockade had not worked as planned, and they lifted the restrictions. • The Allies continued to use their established airspace to transport the majority of supplies into the city, as they did not want to become dependent on Soviet-controlled rails and roads.

18. Berlin blockade led to Berlin Airlift

19. Berlin Airlift: U.S. response to Soviet blockade U.S. and Allies flew supplies to blockaded West Berlin for 10 months: 277,000 flights 2 million tons of supplies

20. Berlin Wall • In 1961, frustrated with the use of West Berlin as a way-station for people leaving East Germany, the Soviet Union constructed the Berlin Wall, a massive barrier that bisected the city until 1989.

21. Berlin Wall • Berlin is Germany’s capital city. • The Soviets built the wall to keep communists from escaping to the American sector.

22. Berlin Wall Berlin Wall

23. Cold War • In an attempt to prevent the spread of Communism in Europe, the Marshall Plan provided assistance to European countries destroyed by the war. • The United Nations was formed near the end of World War II. Its purpose was to prevent future wars.

24. Marshall Plan: Economic plan to stop the spread of Communism in Europe • $$$ given to European countries to rebuild after the war.

25. Cold War • The Cold War was an economic and political power struggle from 1945-1989 between the democratic ideals of the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union.

26. Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting” communism. This led to containment – policy of containing communism where it is.

27. Containment & Post-WW2: American Foreign Policy • Containment • George Kennan – US • Stop spread of Communism globally • Truman Doctrine • “policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation” • Greece & Turkey • Marshall Plan • $$ aid to reconstruct Europe • Available to all nations

28. Marshall Plan USA’s plan to send food, blankets, fuel to Europe to help them. AND to keep them from turning communist.

29. USA Politically: Democracy Economically: Capitalist Free Market USSR Politically: Communist Economically: Command Economy Quota System Cold War:(1945-1989)Political & Economic Struggle

30. Truman Doctrine • U.S. pledge to resist the spread of communism worldwide • Policy of Containment

31. Domino Theory Communism spreads like a disease

32. The Dividing of Europe: The Beginning of the Cold War Soviet Union creates an Iron Curtain around Southern & Eastern Europe & East Germany Communist satellite governments established in Eastern European countries

33. Cold War Europe …from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an “iron curtain” has descended across the continent… -Winston Churchill

34. Cold War • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Was formed to provide a defensive alliance to protect Western Europe against an invasion by the Soviet Union. • The Warsaw Pact, an alliance of Soviet and East European countries, was a response to NATO. • In 1949, the communists took over China. America feared the spread of communism.

35. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):Protect Western Europe vs Soviet invasion

36. Warsaw Pact, an alliance of Soviet and East European countries, was a response to NATO.

37. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization USA, France, Great Britain, West Germany CAPITALISM Warsaw Pact – pro Soviet countries – USSR, and all countries controlled by the USSR. COMMUNISM Two sides of Cold War

38. China: The Communist Victory World’s largest population now Communist

39. Cold War • The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a nuclear arms race during the Cold War. • Massive retaliation was a United States policy adopted during the Eisenhower administration. It threatened the use of nuclear weapons in response to Soviet aggression against another country.

40. Nuclear Arms Race: 1949 the Soviets build an A-Bomb

41. Massive Retaliation • U.S. policy of the Eisenhower administration. • It threatened the use of nuclear weapons in response to Soviet aggression against another country.

42. Cold War continued • Fear of communism and threat of nuclear war affected life in the United States during the Cold War. • Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of spying. • Senator Joseph McCarthy accused many Americans of spying. This is known as the Red Scare or McCarthyism. • Foreign policy became a major issue in presidential campaigns.

43. Cold War @ Home: Red Scare & Nuclear Scare

44. Communist Spies & Second Red Scare • Spies in America: • Alger Hiss & the Rosenberg’s (Julius & Ethel) convicted of spying • America Paranoid that spies are everywhere

45. Communist Spies & Second Red Scare • HUAC: House Un-American Activities Committee created to investigate potential Communist spies • Joseph McCarthy: Wisconsin senator gains popularity by publicly accusing people of being spies • People were considered “guilty” until proven “innocent”

46. Korea and Vietnam • USA tried to contain communism. In both wars, communist troops fought armies trained and funded by the USA.

47. Korean War • The United States became involved in the Korean War in 1950 when communist North Korea invaded South Korea. • China entered the conflict on the side of North Korea. A truce was signed in 1953. Korea remained divided along the 38th parallel.

48. Communists invaded from the north. China sent a million troops to help reds.

50. Korean War • After the failure of the promise of Korean independence by the Allied nations, on June 25, 1950, communist North Korean troops invaded South Korea. Poorly armed, the South Koreans were no match for the North. The United Nations ordered North Korea to withdraw its troops. General MacArthur was appointed to command all UN troops in Korea. After three years of fighting a stalemate, more than 54,000 American troops perished.