1 / 53

Fungi

This text provides a comprehensive overview of the general characteristics of fungi, including their terrestrial nature, filamentous structure, and various forms of reproduction. It also explores the classification of fungi into different divisions, such as Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. The ecological impacts of fungi, their role in food production, and their impact on human health are also discussed. Additionally, the text briefly touches upon the structure and replication of viruses.

glenc
Download Presentation

Fungi

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Fungi

  2. General Characteristics • Primarily terrestrial • Filamentous • __________ • Coenocytic (aseptate) • septate • mycelium • Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae

  3. Fungal Hyphae

  4. General Characteristics(animal-like) • Heterotrophic • absorption (saprobes) • parasitic • mutualistic • Cell Wall:______ • Store sugar as glycogen

  5. Fungal Reproduction • Asexual • haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) • Sexual • hyphae (haploid) • Syngamy (diploid) – (like us) • ____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) • karyogamy (diploid) Plasmogamy

  6. Fugal Reproduction

  7. Fungal Classification

  8. Division: Chytridiomycota • Have _______ (rare in fungi) • Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular • Cell wall: chitin • Saprobes or parasites • May be most primitive fungi

  9. Division: Zygomycota

  10. Division: Zygomycota • Coenocytic Fungi • Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) • Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) • Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring (enzymes)

  11. Key Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle! Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Fig. 31-13-4 PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Sporangia Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination Mycelium 50 µm

  12. Division: Zygomycota • Microsporidia • Parasitic • Loss of organelles • Cause disease in people with immune deficiency • Used as pest control

  13. Division: Glomeromycota • Arbuscular mycorrhizae • Coenocytic Fungi • ________ - associated with plant roots • increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients

  14. Division: Ascomycota

  15. Divison: ________ Ascomycota • Septate fungi (sac fungi) • Saprobes, mutualistic • Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds • Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce)

  16. Conidia; mating type (–) Key Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Fig. 31-17-4 Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelia Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Eight ascospores Asci Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

  17. Division: Basidiomycota

  18. Division: Basidiomycota • Septate Fungi (Club fungi) • Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic • Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi • Uses: Food

  19. Division: Basidiomycota • Fairy Rings

  20. Dikaryotic mycelium PLASMOGAMY Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Fig. 31-19-4 Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n+n) Diploid nuclei Diploid (2n) Basidiospore 1 µm

  21. _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi Stachybotrys chartarum Division: Deuteromycota Imperfect Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

  22. __ Lichen_____ • Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota • Pioneer organisms

  23. Ecological Impacts • Decomposers • Pathogens (30% of species…most plant pathogens). • 10-50% world’s fruit lost due to Fungi • Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD) • Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles • Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

  24. Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline • 60% human diseases originate from animals

  25. Domain: Archaea • Group: Methanogens • methane releasing • Group: Halophiles • lives in high salt areas • Group: Thermophiles • lives in extreme temperatures

  26. Viruses

  27. b

  28. Virus Structure

  29. Virus Structure • Capsid – Protein coat covering virus; present in all viruses. Capsids are made from protein subunits called capsomeres. • __________ – Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all.

  30. Viral Replication • Only reproduce when they enter a host cell • They lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism

  31. Viral Genome Structure • dsDNA • ssDNA • dsRNA • ssRNA • Serve as mRNA • Serve as template for mRNA • Serve as template for DNA (retro) Bullet shaped envelope

  32. HIV (a retrovirus) • Viruses that causes AIDS • Peters Duesberg

  33. ______ • ss RNA that can serve as mRNA • Can cause paralysis in motor neurons • Transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water • Worse in intermediately clean cities • Salk vaccine, 1954

  34. Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • At least 5 different types of the virus • Hep A – ss RNA, no envelope; fecal-oral • Hep C – ss RNA with envelope; sexually transmitted/ blood

  35. __________ • Bullet Shaped Envelope (ss RNA) • Long incubation period • Almost always fatal if unvaccinated. • Zoonosis • Host Range

  36. Flu • Influenza, commonly known as the flu • Symptoms include fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness • Many Epidemic/ • Pandemic Episodes (1918-1919) 20-100 million died; Spanish Flu

  37. Infectious Protein Particles • Examples: • Mad Cow Disease • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease • Kuru (Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea)

  38. Plant Diversity I

  39. Highlights of Plant Evolution Gymnosperms

  40. Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles. Multicellular Multicellular

  41. Nonvascular Seedless plants _____________ Mosses Hepatophyta Liverworts Anthocerophyta Hornworts Vascular Seedless plants Lycophyta Club mosses Psilophyta Whiskferns Spenophyta Horsetails _____________ Ferns Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) Bryophyta Pterophyta Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos) We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

  42. Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants • Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) • no true leaves, roots, stems • __________/_________: • Gametophyte • (antheridium and archegonium) • sporangium (produces spores) Sporophyte

  43. Hepatophyta • Liverworts • Two forms • __________ (80%) • __________ (20%) Thalloid

  44. Hepatophyta • Liverworts • Reproduction • Asexual (_______________) • sexual

  45. Anthocerophyta Sporophyte ____________ • Hornworts • Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes • Most closely related to higher plants

  46. BryophytaMosses

  47. Bryophyta Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally Essay!

  48. Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants • Formation of vascular tissue • __________ (water) • __________ (food) • True leaves, roots, and stems • Lignin (chemical in cell wall) • Sporophyte generation dominate • Sperm with flagella Phloem

  49. Lycophyta • Lycophytes • true leaves • Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. • true stems • true roots • ____________ • leaves that produce spores Sporophylls

  50. Psilophyta • Whisk Ferns • True stems • no true leaves • no true roots

More Related