RDL722 Animal Power Based Devices

1. RDL722Animal Power Based Devices Submitted by: Rahul Prasad(2007PH10615) Nirman Gupta(2007EE50412) Sayan Haldar(2007PH10621) Soumya Sarkar Jitendra Kumar

2. Why Animals? Animals are readily available in rural areas. Animal power convertors can be manufactured locally. It doesn’t add any expenses. Can easily power low-speed machines

3. Introduction Animals have many uses: Transport: Riding, Carrying Loads, Pull carts. In Agricultural fields: Ploughing Power generation Water lifting Cane crushing

4. Animal powered Devices Common among them is Rotational motion Whole-animal muscle power Requirement is a gear to change motion type, orientation and speed The working speed for most draught animals is about 1 metre/second, lower for cattle and buffalo. Low rpm machine 2-4

5. Some Data’s In 1980 the division of agricultural power in developing countries was 5% mechanical, 29% animal draft power, 60% hand labour By the year 2000 FAO has estimated that global investment in agricultural mechanization of over $130 billion is needed, to raise mechanization to 13%, animal power lowering to 20% and human labour at around 67%.

6. Some Data’s

7. Animal use in Transport

8. Types of Carts

9. Bullock Cart

10. Bullock Cart It is a means of transportation used since ancient times in many parts of the world. These are still used today where modern vehicles are too expensive or the infrastructure does not favor them. A bullock cart or ox cart is a two-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen (draught cattle). The cart is attached to a bullock team by a special chain attached to yokes A bullock team is led by a well trained leaders who responded to verbal commands. The driver and any other passengers sit on the front of the cart, while load is placed in the back

11. Bullocks were preferred by many explorers and teamsters because they were cheaper, quieter, tougher and more easily maintained than horses therefore making them more popular for draught work. Bullock carts account for 56 per cent of transport of goods and personnel in the country. Also, over 80 per cent of farm produce is transported in animal-drawn carts. But considering that India has about 80 million draught animals, which are used for only 100 days a year, the potential for growth is huge. These animals can be utilised for another 200 days in carts.

12. It is hoped introduction of rubberised steel wheels with a few other modifications will make the carts more efficient not only in carrying agricultural produce but also as a means of commercial transport. India has an estimated 14 million bullock carts out of which 13 million are traditional — they have wooden wheels — and one million are improved — they have pneumatic tyres. The rubberised steel wheel cart, made by fitting discarded tyres around steel wheels, is an attempt to combine the best features of both steel and rubber.

13. Changes in Conventional carts To overcome the damage caused by these carts to prepared terrains, the two-wheeled carts are fitted with steel axles and pneumatic wheels. The diameter of the pneumatic wheels is obviously smaller than the diameter of steel-rimmed wooden wheels of conventional carts. For the wheels, sleeve bearings lubricated intermittently with suitable grease or viscous oil are satisfactory from both cost and performance considerations. Some form of braking should be provided to ensure stability of the cart and to minimise discomfort to the bullocks while plying on terrains with down hill gradient and very low coefficient of rolling friction. For minimum neck load variation due to changes ,one should prefer larger diameter wheels.

14. Traditional Vs. modern

15. What can be done Awareness in rural areas Tell them benefits of modern bullock carts. Government should be able to give carts through lease basis or various schemes banks prepared to lend for modern bullock carts.

16. Rice Huller A rice huller or rice husker is an agricultural machine used to automate the process of removing the chaff and the outer husks of rice grain. The common idea is to shake grains and have them collide and scratch each other and container-walls, thereby loosening the outer husk and then blowing the lighter husk away. In India dishes made out of flour are staple. Processing of cereal is carried out, normally by women, in the traditional labor and time-intensive way using wooden mortars and or grinding stones.

17. Centrifugal Huller

18. Centrifugal Huller As the name suggests, the hulling principle of this machine is based on centrifugal force. The animal powered huller is an adaptation of centrifugal huller. The machine consists of accelerating disc, drive unit and huller drum. To achieve optimum speed, the disc must rotate at a speed of 3000-4000rpm. Paddy is fed from the feeder into the center of the rotating disc. The impact caused by the rotating catchers of the disc is sufficient to crack the husk when they crush against the huller-drum. To avoid brockens, the drum is made conical and covered with rubber cushion in the hulling area. High kinetic energy and air flow causes the husks( and brown rice) to be expelled at the bottom of the drum.

19. Animal-Powered Rice-Huller

20. General View of all its Parts The Path: It consists of two rows of concrete blocks which corresponds to a height of about 40cms. This is to ensure better power transfer between car wheel and ground. The frame and harnessing: These parts are made of round pipes (60 x 3mm and 48 x 3mm) and fulfill the following— 1. The fastening of rice huller with the gear box and the drive unit. 2. Connecting the drive unit to the central axle for circular motion of the car wheel. 3. The transmission of tractive power of the animal to the power gear. This requires a tangential and horizontal power transmission.

21. General View of all its Parts The Drive Unit: This unit is necessary to transform the draught force of the animal into rotary motion and with increased with speed. It is realized with two wheels of different sizes. The first one which runs along the path, is normal car wheel of size 155 R 13. The second one powered by the car wheel, is of diameter 12cm and made of steel. The maximum power which can be transmitted by drive unit in first gear stage is limited to The losses of transmission are caused by bearing friction and rolling resistance.

22. General View of all its Parts The Central Axle: It must be located in the exact center of the path and absolutely vertical for proper running of wheel on the path. The Gear Box: To achieve speed of rotation for good efficiency of the huller, a two stage gear box is mounted between huller and the friction wheel. The gear box consists of two identical pairs of toothed wheels of gear ratio 1:31.2. The Huller: The centrifugal huller is screwed onto the gear box together with feed hopper which has a capacity of 10kg of paddy.

23. Capacity and Efficiency During the hulling, the mean value of draught force is 200N and the disc rotates in the range of 3300rpm to 4000rpm. The efficiency of the drive unit if in the range of 84-86%. Driven by a donkey, the capacity of the huller is 250kg/hr to 300kg/hr. With one passage it is possible to dehusk 90-95% of the rice. After the second passage rice is completely dehusked. Since the second passage increases capacity to 400kg/hr dehusking with two passages translates to a total capacity of 150kg/hr to 200kg/hr. Traditional Methods of rice hulling process 15-30kg of paddy per hour.

24. Water Lifting Devices Mohte Persian Wheel Sakia Libration pump Archimedian Screw

25. Mohte

26. Mohte, Charsa or Pur Lift water from lined wells up to a depth of 30m. This device is simple to implement. Only mechanical component is a pulley and the only structure is the frame to hold the pulley. Disadvantage is the need to reverse the animals back up the ramp to lower the bucket. About 9000 litres of water can be lifted per hour with two pairs of bullocks with this device from a depth of 15m.

27. Circular Mohte

28. Circular Mohte Improved version of the Mohte is Circular Mohte. Animal is attached to a sweep to enable easy circular motion. Main problem with circular version is that the load on the sweep is cyclic. Animals will have a tiring sinusoidal load to cope with. Suitable for lift up to 5m at which discharge may be 14000 litres per hour. Used in India and in few parts of Sri Lanka.

29. Persian Wheel

30. Persian Wheel

31. Persian Wheel Lift water from a depth up to 20m. Consists of a large wooden or metal wheel, with a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outside rim forming the driving surface. It is mounted vertically on a horizontal axle. Almost constant load on the drive shaft to the wheel. Average discharge is about 10,000 litres per hour from a depth of 9m with one pair of bullocks.

32. Persian Wheel

33. Sakia

34. Sakia It consists of a large hollow wheel with scoops around its periphery. sakias of diameters from 2-5m will lift water from 0.3-1.8m respectively. The normal operating speed is 2-4 rpm for animal-driven sakias. Commonly used for low head applications. Primarily used in Egypt.

35. Fathi Fathi is optimum design of sakia.

36. Libration Pump

37. Libration Pump Series of linked discs or plugs are pulled through a pipe. Major advantage is that it requires a steady rotary power input which suits the use of a crank drive with a flywheel, which is a mechanically efficient as well as a comfortable way of applying animal power. Is capable of achieving an efficiency of approaching 70% in the animal powered form. Compact enough to fit into quite a narrow well. Widely used in China.

38. Libration Pump

39. Archimedian Screw

40. Archimedian Screw Used for transferring water from low-lying body of water. Also known as screw pump Water will slide up in the spiral tube as the shaft is turned, until it finally pours out from the top of the tube. Right angle drive from an animal sweep

41. Archimedean Screw

42. OX POWER UNIT : Introduction Ox-driven, sweep-powered generator. Five oxen pull the tongues in the machine in a circular motion. The motion is geared up, and the direction of the rotation is changed. Finally the shaft spins at 765 rpm providing 60 horse-power. By using various types of pulleys off the final shaft, any range of speed can be achieved to drive any type of equipment desired.

43. Parts : The Differential Most important part of the whole system – refers to the differential found in the rear end of a large truck. This unit is carefully selected and converted to be able to withstand the torque which will be acting on it.

44. Parts : The Sprockets Total 6 sprockets are used in two sets of Driver, Driven and Idler sprockets Master Sprocket : located on the front side of the mixer cylinder along with a bearing All the sprockets are in certain ratios to finally give a desired RPM of the differential Stats : Ratio: 4.11 and 3.46, totalling to 14.22 rpm Oxens circles 2 times per second thus providing us with an rpm of 28.5 Idler Sprockets : Will keep the chains tight The tension is generated by using compression springs to pull the idler sprocket into the chain.

45. Parts : The Jack Shaft Vertical shaft driven by the Master Sprocket Drives the differential axle Exact position of where the two sprockets are to be mounted is determined since one has to be alligned to master shaft and another to the axle of the differential shaft

46. Contd....

47. Parts: The Tumbling Shaft With the help of universal joints the differential and the tumbling shafts are joined The tumbling shaft is again joined to a High Torque Drive Unit Whole setup supported by an wooden block The speed is geared up again here to achieve a final speed of around 700 rpm!!

48. Parts: Tongues 5 tongues turn the master sprocket Usually wooden pieces Are directly attached to oxen to be driven

49. The Final Picture!

51. What can be done!!! Animals required otherwise also, thereby not using them amounts to wastage Locally available, should be promoted by Govt. Designs should be commercially viable and easy to use Decentralized power utilization

52. Thank You