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Quantitative analysis of volcanic plumes with the GOES Sounder

Quantitative analysis of volcanic plumes with the GOES Sounder. S. A. Ackerman, T. Schmit, H. Woolf, T. Schreiner, M. Gunshor, and J. Li University of Wisconsin-Madison Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies NOAA/NESDIS Advanced Satellite Products Team. Motivation.

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Quantitative analysis of volcanic plumes with the GOES Sounder

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  1. Quantitative analysis of volcanic plumes with the GOES Sounder S. A. Ackerman, T. Schmit, H. Woolf, T. Schreiner, M. Gunshor, and J. Li University of Wisconsin-MadisonCooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies NOAA/NESDIS Advanced Satellite Products Team

  2. Motivation • Plumes of SO2, along with other gases, and ash, are expelled from the erupting volcanoes. • Climatic impacts SO2 -> H2SO4 • Aviation safety • Detection of these SO2 plumes has been accomplished via the AHVRR, HIRS, MODIS, AIRS, OMI, TOMS, etc. • GEO provides complete temporal coverage

  3. Volcanic Ash Passive IR detection based on variouscombinations of: 3.9, 8.5 10.7, and 12.0 m

  4. Volcanic Gases Gases include: : water vapor, sulfur dioxide (SO2), chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides… One of many processes: oxidation and hydration of SO2 -> H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) The resulting ash/acid mix is highly corrosive and can cause damage to jet engines and external parts of the aircraft, and there are climate implications.

  5. SO2 detection Strong SO2 absorption at 7.3 µm and weak SO2 absorption at 8.5 µm Detection accomplished via various combinations of observations at 6.7, 7.3, 8.5, and 11 µm

  6. GOES Sounder Channels SO2 plume detection is a “band difference” image based on the 7.4 µm (sensitive to Sulfur Dioxide) and a CO2 absorption band (Band 5, 13.3 µm and not sensitive to SO2). Band 5 is chosen because the weighting function (i.e. the region or vertical layer of the atmosphere these spectral bands are most sensitive to changes) for both bands peak around the same region of the atmosphere. The Sounder has a 10 km IFOV; once per hour temporal coverage over USA. (Coverage over Caribbean is less.) 13.4 7.4

  7. SO2 calculations from F. Prata After Schmit et al. 2005, BAMS

  8. Retrieval

  9. Simulations Sensitive to SO2 altitude and atmospheric profile.

  10. First case: July 2003 Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat on 12 July 2003 (around 0230 UTC, 13 July 2003), triggered by a major collapse of the lava dome Photo by

  11. GOES-12 Sounder Band 10 (7.4 µm) – Band 5 (13.3µm) 13 July 2003 13:20 UTC 13 July 2003 19:20 UTC ? 14 July 2003 01:20 UTC

  12. AIRS Retrieval (F. Prata)

  13. GOES BT 7.4-BT 13.4

  14. GOES SO2 Retrieval

  15. May 21-22, 2006Prata retrieval from AIRS

  16. MAY 20, 2006 0720 UTC

  17. MAY 20, 2006 1320 UTC

  18. MAY 20, 2006 1920 UTC

  19. MAY 21, 2006 0120 UTC

  20. MAY 21, 2006 0720 UTC

  21. MAY 21, 2006 0920 UTC

  22. MAY 21, 2006 1020 UTC

  23. MAY 21, 2006 1120 UTC

  24. MAY 21, 2006 1520 UTC

  25. MAY 21, 2006 1620 UTC

  26. MAY 21, 2006 1720 UTC

  27. MAY 21, 2006 2120 UTC

  28. MAY 21, 2006 2220 UTC

  29. MAY 21, 2006 2320 UTC

  30. MAY 22, 2006 0320 UTC

  31. MAY 22, 2006 0420 UTC

  32. MAY 22, 2006 0520 UTC

  33. MAY 22, 2006 0620 UTC

  34. MAY 22, 2006 0920 UTC

  35. MAY 22, 2006 1020 UTC

  36. MAY 20, 2006 1320 UTC CO2 slicing can estimate ash heights.

  37. MAY 20, 2006 1920 UTC

  38. MAY 21, 2006 0120 UTC

  39. SO2 GOES Sounder Ash cloud

  40. SO2 GOES Sounder Ash cloud

  41. SO2 GOES Sounder SO2

  42. SO2 GOES Sounder SO2

  43. SO2 GOES Sounder

  44. SO2 GOES Sounder

  45. Next Generation GOES ABI – Advanced Baseline Imager After Schmit et al. 2005, BAMS: Slightly shifted, toward larger wavenumbers, the two narrow ABI water vapor bands to better discriminate the SO2 peak.

  46. Next Generation GOES 25.00 0DU minus 10DU 0DU minus 100DU 20.00 0DU minus 550DU 0DU minus 1000DU 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 3.9 6.184 6.949 7.342 8.502 9.605 10.351 11.196 12.298 13.295 BT difference (K) Current GOES imager doesn’t have capability. ABI Wavelength (micron)

  47. Summary • Current GOES Sounder can track SO2 plumes from volcanoes. • The temporal resolution delineates the evolution of the plume. • Estimates of total loading require profile and altitude: profile from sounder. • Estimates of 20-22 May 2006 and July 2003 eruptions of Montserrat are consistent with AIRS retrieval by Prata (GOES a bit too high). • Next generation GOES imager will be better suited for detection and retrieval.

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