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Chapter 21: The Revolution in Politics. The French Revolution. 1.Liberty. Meant: Human rights-no limits except those that step on other’s rights Freedoms Sovereignty- people had the sovereignty. Equality. Meant: Equal rights and equality of opportunity but not for women
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Chapter 21: The Revolution in Politics The French Revolution
1.Liberty • Meant: • Human rights-no limits except those that step on other’s rights • Freedoms • Sovereignty- people had the sovereignty
Equality • Meant: • Equal rights and equality of opportunity • but not for women • and not economic equality
2.Roots • Greek and Judeo-Christian origin • Enlightenment • human dignity, faith in science and personal freedom • writings of Locke and Montesquieu
3.Attraction • Supported by well-to-do and elites • Common people more interested in economic issues
Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!
American Revolution • Not a real revolution • More a war of independence
5. Origins • British needed to tax colonies • Americans felt unrepresented in matter of taxes • Americans exercised independence and had no class system
Encouraging Factors • British did not compromise • Paine’s Common Sense influenced colonists • All sections of society in support • Europe, especially France, supported colonists
6. Constitution, Bill of Rights • Balanced strong central government with power to the states • Power of branches were balanced • Added Bill of Rights to insure rights to individuals
7. Effect of American Revolution • Supported ideas of Enlightenment • Better world possible • Influenced French Revolution
8. French Revolution • More violent than American Revolution • More influential • opened era of modern politics
9.Causes of French Rev. • Enlightenment Ideas • Bourgeoisie – Middle Class • American Revolution • Rousseau & Voltaire • Economic Troubles A.High Cost of Living • High Taxes • War debt • Extravagant Living by king • Crop failures – high bread prices • Mercantalism
1st Estate Clergy 10% of land 1% of pop. 2nd Estate Nobility 35% of land 2% of pop. 3rd Estate Middle Class Working Class Peasants 97% of pop. Causes of French Rev. “Old Regime” 1st & 2nd estates- no taxes & special privileges 10.
Estates Clergy 1st Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Commoners 3rd Estate Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.
The Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head! Clergy 1st Estate 300 Aristocracy 2nd Estate 300 648 Commoners 3rd Estate
Financial Problemsin France, 1789 • Urban Commoner’sBudget: • Food 80% • Rent 25% • Tithe 10% • Taxes 35% • Clothing 20% • TOTAL 170% • King’s Budget: • Interest 50% • Army 25% • Versailles 25% • Coronation 10% • Loans 25% • Admin. 25% • TOTAL 160%
11. What do they all want? • 1st Estate • Wanted to continue holding the power they had gained from the monarchy • 2nd Estate • Wanted a Constitutional Monarchy to ensure they would maintain some government control • 3rd Estate • Wanted an end to special privileges for the clergy and nobility • Wanted an end to mercantilism • Wanted reformed courts (end corruption) • Wanted an end to corvee & gabelle (unfair taxes) • Wanted a Constitutional Monarchy • Wanted an elected Parliament • Wanted guaranteed civil liberties
12.Stages of French Revolution • Age of Montesquieu 1789-1792 ( Constitutional Monarchy ) • Age of Rousseau 1792-1799 ( Republic ) • Age of Voltaire 1799-1815 ( Napoleon ) • Post Napoleon
Forces of Change III. Weak Leadership • Louis XVI – indecisive & listened to his wife • Marie Antoinette – expensive tastes & from Austria
Let Them Eat Cake! • Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! • “Madame Deficit” • “The Austrian Whore”
The Necklace Scandal 1,600,000 livres[$100 million today] • Cardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan • The Countess de LaMotte
13. Louis calls for Estates General • 2/3rds priests • Majority conservative • 3rd estate = lawyers, govt. officials • wanted three estates to meet • real strength of country • broke away to form National Assembly • takes tennis court oath not to disband until new Constitution written
Power Struggle… Power to National Assembly • Louis gives in • Ordered everyone to meet together as the National Assembly • Louis hires help • German & Swiss mercenaries pour into Paris & Versailles • Rumors spread • Riots break out in Paris Power to Louis XVI Power to Mob & National Assembly
Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!
“The Tennis Court Oath”by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789
Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 • A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. • 18 died. • 73 wounded. • 7 guards killed. • It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].
14.The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt(July 20, 1789) Forced the National Assembly to abolish feudal obligations
Conservatives and Moderates Wanted to preserve the Constitution Emigres Radicals Wanted to push the revolution further Sans-culottes Jacobins 15.National Assembly 1st met on October 1, 1791 *What can we expect?
National Constituent Assembly1789 - 1791 Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité! August DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)
16. Sir Edmund Burke (1790):Reflections on the Revolution in France The conservative response to the French Revolution
17. How to Finance the New Govt.?1.Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.
2. Print Assignats • Issued by the National Constituent Assembly. • Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.
Depreciation of the Assignat • Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church land. • The state would retire the notes as the land was sold. • They began circulating as paper currency. • Government printed more INFLATION [they lost 99% of their value ultimately]. • Therefore, future governments paid off their creditors with cheap money.
18. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy July 12,1790 Juryingvs.Non-Jurying[refractory]Clergy The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic population!
New Relations Between Church & State • Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches. • The church was reorganized: • Parish priests elected by the district assemblies. • Bishops named by the department assemblies. • The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy. • It transformed France’sRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!! Pope Pius VI[1775-1799]
State run church Abolished Titles of Nobility Created new court system With elected judges Outlawed torture Introduced Juries Followed laissez-faire principles Abolished guilds Ended Mercantilism Ended old taxes Introduced new taxes Land tax Profit tax Government collected all taxes 19. National Assembly Reforms
20. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791
The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government • The king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years]. • He could not pass laws. • His ministers were responsible for their own actions. • A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. • Had the power to grant taxation. • An independent judiciary.
The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government • “Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen. • 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise. • Domestic servants were also excluded. • A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!
21. The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House • They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris. • Started as a debating society. • Membership mostly middle class. • Created a vast network of clubs.
The Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working Class • Small shopkeepers. • Tradesmen. • Artisans. They shared many of the ideals of their middle class representatives in government!
