Requirements and responsibilities for the management and monitoring of “ Raw Water” in Italy

1. Requirements and responsibilities for the management and monitoring of “Raw Water” in Italy Luca Lucentini Head of Section of Inland Water Hygiene Italian National Institute of Health Workshop on exchange of experiences through the Mediterranean Countries on water policy - INFRA 48648 Organised by CE-TAIEX in co-operation with Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs in Turkey Ankara, 27 September - 28 September 2012

2. Water monitoring: what is the basis • Article 8 of the WFD • monitoring program to provide a comprehensive overview of water status within each river basin district • surface water bodies: monitoring for ecological and chemical status • groundwater bodies: monitoring for both the chemical status and to detect the presence of long-term anthropogenic induced upward trends in pollutants. • in accordance with Annex V of the WFD(specific requirements for Protection areas used for DW abstraction, map of monitoring networks in the RBMP) • Article 7 of DWD • regular monitoring of the quality of water intended for human consumption is carried out, in order to check that the water available to consumers meets the requirements of DWDandin particular the parametric values set in accordance with Article 5 • monitoringprograms (Compliance with Annex II) DWD WFD

3. Water monitoring: what is the target Requirements for the monitoring and protection of water abstracted for drinking water purposes are set out in many parts of the WFD and within its Groundwater Daughter Directive and in DWD Article 7.1 of the WFD requires Member States to identify all water bodies (both surface water and groundwater) from which water is abstracted, or intended to be abstracted in the future, for human consumption in excess of 10 m3/day as an average or which serve more than 50 persons According to Article 3 of DWD Member States may exempt from the provisions of thisDWD water intended for human consumption from an individual supply providing less than 10 m³ a day as an average or serving fewer than 50 persons (unless the water is supplied as part of a commercial or public activity) DWD WFD Article 7.2 of the WFD requires that Member States ensure that for each water body identified under Article 7.1, water supplies comply with the Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC..

4. Monitoring: what parameters Art. 8 + Annex V WFD Priority substances (33) + Specific pollutants (Pollution by other substances identified as being discharged in significant quantities into the body of water) Art. 7 + Annex I DWD Demanded parameters (48) + parameters to be monitored on a case-by-case basis (substances and micro-organisms for which no parametric value has been set, if there is reason to suspect that they may be present in amounts or numbers which constitute a potential danger to human health) DWD WFD

5. Italian DWD Transposition (D.Lgs. 31/2001) “Monitoring" includes inspection, measurement, sampling and analysis whether periodically or continuously Drinking water monitoring is considered as part of monitoring of integrated water cycle: Drinking water monitoring: – catchment, – water treatment plants, – adduction pipes, – distribution network to consumers Monitoring of water bodies Control of potential pollution sources Internal (WSC) + External Monitoring (Health Authority)

6. Scope of the Chemical Monitoring under WFD – (Italian transposition 152/2006 / under Ministry of Environment, land and Sea) • All surface waters • Rivers, lakes, and artificial waters • Transitional waters • Coastal waters up to one sea mile • For chemical status, also territorial waters, which may extend to 12 sea miles from the territorial baseline of a Member State • Groundwater

7. Frequency of Monitoring • Minimum given for all quality elements in WFD • More frequent may be necessary (e.g., to detect long term changes or to estimate pollution loads) • Less frequent if justifiable • Seasonally targeted • Achievement of acceptable levels of confidence and precision in assessing status of water bodies • Balance between costs of monitoring and costs of measures WFD – D.Lgs. 152/2006

8. What to Monitor? • Priority Substances – Compliance with European Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) • Other pollutants (relevant at river basin level) – Compliance with national EQS • Physico-chemical parameters supporting interpretation of biological data • Parameters required for interpretation of the results of chemical measurements (e.g., DOC, Ca, SPM) WFD – D.Lgs. 152/2006

9. Proposal for a Directive amending the WFD and EQSD (COM(2011)876) • This proposal (COM(2011)876) includes a revised (second) list of priority substances, and provisions to improve the functioning of the legislation. • 15 additional priority substances • 6 of them designated as priority hazardous substances; • stricter EQS for four existing priority substances and slightly revised EQS for three others; • the designation of two existing priority substances as priority hazardous substances; • the introduction of biota standards for several substances; • provisions to improve the efficiency of monitoring and the clarity of reporting with regard to certain substances behaving as ubiquitous persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances; • a provision for a watch-list mechanism designed to allow targeted EU-wide monitoring of substances of possible concern to support the prioritisation process in future reviews of the priority substances list.

10. Status of official standard methods with respect to the WFD requirements

13. Standard methods exist for 32 on 33 • substances or substance groups • No methods for chloroalkanes C10-C13 • Some methods do not meet minimum performance criteria on EQS

14. Objectives: • to assure quality and comparability of analytical results generated by laboratories appointed by competent authorities of the Member States to perform water chemical monitoring pursuant to Article 8 of Directive 2000/60/EC should be ensured • Comparability of monitoring results across Europe • Implementation of common principles and harmonisation • procedures for chemical monitoring • Methods: • Standard methods • Any method properly validated and fulfilling minimum requirements: • Validation according to EN ISO/IEC 17025 • LOQ ≤ 30% of the relevant EQS • MU (EQS level) ≤ 50% • Whenever no method fulfils the minimum requirements … thebest available technique

15. QA/QC: • Quality management system according to EN ISO/IEC 17025 • Proficiency testing schemes (requirements of ISO/IEC 43-1, evaluated as in ISO 13528 or ISO/IEC 43/1) • CRMs, RMs • Methods: • Standard methods • Any method properly validated and fulfilling minimum requirements: • Validation according to EN ISO/IEC 17025 • LOQ ≤ 30% of the relevant EQS • MU (EQS level) ≤ 50% • Whenever no method fulfils the minimum requirements … thebest available technique

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21. Points where parameters of Annex I of the current Directive can be sampled for compliance monitoring

22. Number of statistical yearbooks Europe'senvironment. An Assessment of Assessments EEA, 2011

23. Quality of drinking water in water supply zones not exceeding 1000 m³ per day (serving less than 5000 persons) • The Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC establishes obligations for Member States • to ensure that drinking water complies with a set of microbiological, chemical and indicatorparametricvalues • to monitor regularly its quality for all water supplies falling within its scope of the Directive, and to ensure that that adequate and up-to-date information on the quality of drinking water is available to consumers • to publish a report every three years covering the quality of drinking water from supply systems above a certain threshold (more than 1 000 m³ per day or serving more than 5000 persons supplied; article 13(2)).

24. SMALL WATER SUPPLIES: The legislative framework DIR 98/83 TABLE B1 Minimum frequency of sampling and analyses for water intended for human consumption supplied from a distribution network or from a tanker or used in a food-production undertaking Legislative Decree 31/2001 (transposition of European Directive 98/83/EC) Establishedbyhealth localauthorities (ASL)

25. m3/giorno widespread failure to meet drinking water quality standards in small and medium sized water supply systems

26. SWS: WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND HEALTH IMPACTS • Safeguard areas (catchment) are identified for the preservation of drinking water (art. 94 of Italian Decree 152/2006). • For all raw water destined to human consumption check monitoring / treatment / disinfection are mandatory (depending by origin and quality) (art. 80 and 82 of Italian Decree 152/2006). • There is not a general recording system of DW quality data for SWSs (< 1,000 m3 / day). • Epidemiological data available as cumulate food / waterborne diseases, no specific data belonging to SWSs. • A number of evidence of microbial contamination of water abstracted from well as a single source of gastroenteric diseases.

27. Case study: nationalGuidelines for Managing the Risksrelated to cyanobacteriain the drinking water supplychain

28. Cyanobacteria blue-greens, blue-greenalgae, myxophyceaens, cyanophyceans, cyanophytes, cyanobacteria, cyanoprokaryotes micro-organismscomprisesunicellularto multicellular prokaryotes that possess chlorophyll a and perform oxygenic photosynthesis associated with photosystems I and II • combinationofproperties found in algae and bacteria • procaryotic and eucaryotic cell types • ubiquitary organisms: inhabitants of hot, mountain streams, arctic and antarctic lakes, snow and ice • important primary producers • nitrogen-fixing species • symbiotic associations with animals and plants

31. Lake Occhito: different uses: • irrigation (~ 60 %) (~ 143,000 hectares) • drinking supply (~ 20 %) (~ 800,000 consumers) • industrial • fishing • natural wetlandof International importance (Ramstar site) • Catchment area ~ 1000 km2 • Network of torrential Inflows • Max area ~ 10 km2 • Max depth ~ 40 m • Volume ~ 333 millions m3 The sequence (see n. 4) of droughts and overflowing never occurred before as frequently as in the last 10 years

33. Alertof the involvedEnvironmental and HealthRegionalAuthorities • Results (9 Feb): • 34 x 106 cell/L raw water • 5 x 106 cell/L treated water • 5 x 106 cell/L distributed water to develop and apply a risk management plan for cyanobacterial toxins and cells in waters with reference to human health Detection of bloom of Planktothrixrubescenswithin the Occhito reservoir Jan 09 Feb 09

34. Planktothrixrubescenseco-physiology Cell dimension 3-7 mm Filaments length up to 2 mm ~ 3mm • Low growth rate • Ability to regulate position over the water column (gas-vacuoles) • Growth in oligotrophic environment • Photosynthesis at low level of solar radiation • Ability to accumulate phosphorus inside the cell • Microcystin production

36. Distribution Treatment Catchment Water body Basin

38. Maximum allowableconcentration of cyanotoxins in tapwater: MCs: 1 μg/L of MC-LR as sum of differentcongeners of MCs, expressedasequivalent of MC-LR Congeners of MCsshould be determinedat the best of analyticalcapabilities, atleast, toxins for whichanalytical standard are commerciallyavailable: nodularin, dem-MC-RR, MC-RR, MC-YR, dem-MC-LR, MC-LR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LF Othercyanotoxins (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins): limit to be established

39. Measures for prevention and mitigationalready in place, proved to be effective in previousblooms Protectiion class yes no Residue chlorineeffective for toxininactivation MIN I yes Management atcatchment (e.g. modulatingcathmentatdifferentdepth/position) II yes III Potential for celllysis yes Effectiveremoving of algalcells IV yes Effectiveremoving of cyanotoxins V no no no no no yes HIGH

40. teşekkür ederim lucaluce@iss.it