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Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization

Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization. Vaccination Mechanical act of administering a vaccine for the purpose of developing immunity in an animal Amount of immunity developed depends: Animal’s state of health Condition of the vaccine

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Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization

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  1. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization

  2. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Vaccination • Mechanical act of administering a vaccine for the purpose of developing immunity in an animal • Amount of immunity developed depends: • Animal’s state of health • Condition of the vaccine • Manner in which it is infected • Immunity is relative • Can be overcome by massive exposure to germs

  3. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Vaccination not the final answer in disease control • Combine with: • Proper nutrition • Stress reduction • Sanitary measures • Antigen-Antibody reaction • After vaccine is injected • Stimulates formation of immune bodies against the disease • May be accompanied by signs of poor health

  4. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Can produce the actual disease • Immune response depends on type of vaccination given: • MLV • Killed • Antibody buildup is normal reaction to infection • Helps keep disease-causing organisms from their normal infectious course • Boosters may be used to supplement or maintain antibody levels

  5. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Types of immunity • Natural • Protection an animal has when it is born • Not associated with antibodies in the body fluids • Species resistance • Can be specific to a certain species • Ex. Scrapie and sheep • Breed resistance • Variations in immunity between breeds • Ex. Milk fever more prevalent in Holsteins than Jerseys

  6. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Individual resistance • Some individuals have higher immunity and will be able to overcome disease outbreaks • Acquired immunity • Associated w/ presence of antibodies from another immune animal or form exposure to the disease • Active immunity • Direct contact w/ disease causing organisms • Body develops specific antibodies to counteract invasion • After disease • After vaccination

  7. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Relatively long-lived and often lifelong • Passive immunity • Transferring antibodies from an immunized animal to a susceptible animal • Ex. Colostrum immunity • Animals have ability to absorb antibodies from colostrum in first 24 hrs from birth • Tests are available to test amount of immunoglobulins in colostrum

  8. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Biologic Agents • Organisms have been prepared so that they can be safely given to livestock • Livestock carry protection with them • Modified Live Viruses • Grown in lab of other animal • Stimulate antibody function in the animal • Can give lower doses, but get high immune response • Not as safe for pregnant cattle

  9. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Killed viruses • Pathogen is killed • Produced in a suspension • Given in high doses relative to MLV • Safer for pregnant cattle

  10. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Types of Immunizing Agents • Viral Vaccines • Must be propagated in living cells • Can be grown either from tissue culture, or in host or non-host animals • Bacterial Vaccines • High doses required to illicit an immune response • Bacteria grown on artificial medium • Usually given in killed form

  11. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Often times altered so as to increase duration of protection • Vaccinating animals • What you need: • Good syringe • Sharp, sterile needles • Sterile techniques • Animal restraint

  12. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Don’t use chemical disinfectants when using MLV vaccines • Inactivates the vaccine • Follow administration instructions • Subdermal • Subcutaneously • Intramuscular • Usually all is given in one place • Unless large doses are given, then multiple sites

  13. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Avoid vaccinating sick animals • Often will cause a disease outbreak • Animal has little ability to maximize the immunity given because of other pathogen, stress load • Proper Care of Biologics • Improper care/handling can greatly reduce strength & effectiveness of the vaccine • Must be free from contaminants • Don’t reuse needles

  14. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Discard containers only partially used, if not going to be used for awhile • Keep refrigerated • Empty MLV containers should be burned • Understand expiration dates • Some may be used past the expiration date, but will not be at full strength • Some may not be used • MLV bottles should be used w/in 2 hrs, or vaccine loses potency

  15. Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization • Most are sensitive to light and heat • Store in cool, dark places to prevent deterioration • Improper storage can result in failure of vaccine to work properly

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