1 / 32

The Legacy of Ancient Greece & Rome

The Legacy of Ancient Greece & Rome. Chapter Two. Section 1 ~ Ancient Greece. Ancient Greeks are believed to have developed the 1 st democracy Democracy = “rule of the people”

gaurav
Download Presentation

The Legacy of Ancient Greece & Rome

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. The Legacy of Ancient Greece & Rome Chapter Two

  2. Section 1 ~ Ancient Greece • Ancient Greeks are believed to have developed the 1st democracy • Democracy = “rule of the people” • The Greeks est. city states (aka polis; about 20,000 ppl) and the governments of these city states took several different forms…

  3. Monarchy – a single person; usually ruled by a king • Aristocracy – government ruled by a small group of nobles. • Oligarchy – government ruled by a small group of very powerful people; usually merchants & nobles

  4. Athens was the most powerful city-state… • Adult male citizens elected three nobles to run the city state • Thus representative democracy was born • After a year of service they became part of a council • About 600 BC – depression in Athens • Farmers began to pledge their crops, then land, & then themselves to pay debts • People became restless & aristocracy became concerned for their safety ~ Solon chosen to rule

  5. Solon initiated limited reforms594 BC • Outlawed slavery based upon debt • Cancelled the farmer’s debts • Est. classes of citizens based upon wealth NOT heredity ~ citizens from the 3 highest classes could hold public office ~ all citizens could vote • Created the council of Four Hundred • Est. the legal principle that any citizen could bring charges against another person

  6. Cleisthenes ~ 508 BC • Known as the Founder of democracy in Athens • Reorganized the assembly to be balanced b/t the rich & poor • Allowed citizens to submit laws for debate • Created the Council of 500… ~ proposed laws & counseled the assembly ~ members were chosen at random

  7. Pericles • Leader after the Persian Wars • Increased number of paid public officials; including paying jurors • Athens becomes a direct democracy ~ citizens began to rule & make laws themselves; not through representatives

  8. The Peloponnesian War • Athens vs. Sparta • Athens was the strong naval power • Sparta had a strong military • Sparta won … • plague struck Athens & wiped out somewhere between 1/3 & 2/3 of the population • Athens surrendered

  9. Effects of War • Confidence in democracy was weakened • Weakened city-states made Athens vulnerable to the attack of Macedonians by Philip II (Alexander the Great’s father)

  10. Philosophers • 400 BC intellectual movement began in Greece • Look at world through common set of assumptions… • Universe is put together in an orderly way & is subject to absolute – unchanging laws • Laws could be understood through logic & reasoning • B/c of logic, reasoning, and respect for intelligence democracy emerged & flourished

  11. Socrates • Developed the Socratic Method • Challenged his students to challenge their beliefs

  12. Plato • Studied under Socrates • Wrote “The Republic” – his version of the ideal government/society where the most capable would rule

  13. Aristotle • Studied under Plato • Interested in studying the nature of the world & human beliefs • Most famous pupil was Alexander the Great • He taught ATG… philosophy, ethics, politics & had a great impact on his life

  14. Religion • POLYTHEISTIC and did not all worship the same gods. • Some small villages worshiped the main gods and their own village gods. • There were hundreds of Greek gods (perhaps around 1,000).  • Some of the most famous gods were Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Poseidon, Aphrodite, Athena, Demeter, Hermes, Ares, and Hades. • ZEUS surpassed all other gods in spirit, wisdom and justice and his wife HERA was the queen of the gods.

  15. SACRIFICES to please the gods were a major part of every Greek's religion. • Animal sacrifice -- generally a DOMESTICATED ANIMAL like a chicken, goat or cow. • When an animal was sacrificed, it was burned on top of an altar. After it was fully cooked, it had to be EATEN ON THE SPOT • Ancient Greeks believed that the god's spirit was within the animal sacrificed, and by eating the animal, the worshippers CONSUMED HIS POWER.

  16. Architecture • The Greeks were “lovers of the beautiful” • The Parthenon—the temple to the goddess Athena--built on the summit of the Acropolis in Athens—best exemplifies classical Greek architecture • built under the rule of Pericles • Started 447 B.C. and finished 432 B.C. • Classical is characterized by beautiful simplicity and graceful balance.

  17. The Parthenon’s graceful proportions perfectly balance width, length, and height, exemplifying the Greek ideal of the “golden mean” • This was part of the “Golden Age” of Greece • Greeks understood perspective • Columns thicker in middle…appear straight from all angles • Steps lower in center--appears straight • Creating perception of perfection

  18. Art • Copied by the Romans • Set lasting standards • Other achievements in literature, art, drama, etc., many considered classics today. • Many Europe’s traditions/cultural standards began with “Golden Age”

  19. Greeks emphasized the individual—thus excelled at portraying the human form • In both painting and sculpture • They painted murals but none survived. • Their works are captured on vases • Painting on vases were everyday scenes

  20. Greek sculpture, like Greek architecture, reached its height in Athens during the time of Pericles • Before the Peloponnesian War, artists carved only deities and heroes • After the Peloponnesian War… • Sculptures were life-size, graceful, not powerful • Ordinary people • Myron sculpture’s depicted what people should look like rather than actual persons • Praxiteles carved ordinary people into life-sized statues

  21. Drama & Theater • Were the first people to write and perform plays, presented twice a year to honor Dionysus • Earliest Greek plays were tragedies • Eventually the Greeks also wrote comedies, plays with humorous themes and happy ending

  22. The Olympic Games • Believed healthy bodies made best use of nature’s gifts • First one took place in 776 BC • Held in Olympia every 4 years • Religious festival in honor of Zeus • Athletes came from all over Greek-speaking world

  23. There were individual rather than team events • Foot races at first. Later, broad jump, discuss, jumping, boxing, javelin, etc. • Wives and daughters were NOT ALLOWED TO WATCH THE OLYMPIC GAMES as the participants in the games did not wear clothes. • Winners were crowned with wreaths of olive leaves • Parades held in honor of winners

  24. Section 2 ~ Ancient Rome • As Greece was declining, a new civilization to west was emerging • Three groups fought to control the Italian Peninsula… • Greeks, Etruscans, & Latins • Latins won and became the Romans • Influence on the Romans… • Greeks – grapes, olives, & religion (gods) • Etruscans – architecture, alphabet, Kings, & rituals

  25. 509 BC, Roman aristocrats overthrew the last Etruscan King & set up the Republic (indirect democracy) • Patricians (aristocrats) & Plebeians (farmers, artisans, & merchants) fought for political struggle • Patricians (the senate) inherited wealth, power, & social status. • Plebeians (majority of population) had right to vote, but couldn’t hold impt. gov’t positions • The senate eventually allowed the Plebeians to form their own assembly & elect members called Tribunes.

  26. Tribunes were able to get Roman law written down onto 12 tablets & hung in the Forum. Purpose?… protection under law & fair administration of law • Roman gov’t had separate branches… • Two Consuls – 1 over army & other over gov’t • Senate – had both legislative & administrative responsibilities • 300 members, from upper class, served for life • Assemblies – appointed consuls, & made laws • Had less power than Senate • Tribal – elected Tribunes & made laws for common people, later made laws for Republic • Dictator – used only in times in crisis, served only for 6 months, chosen by consuls & elected by Senate

  27. Roman Law • Laws should be based on reason, justice, & protect citizens & their property • 528 BC, Emperor Justinian assembled legal scholars to create the Justinian Code, which consisted of 4 books: • The Code – contained Roman law • The Digest – opinions of Rome’s great scholars • The Institute – a textbook • The Novella – new laws passed It lasted for 900 years & is bases for some of our civil laws

  28. Religion • Romans were influenced by the Greeks and adopted many of their Gods and gave them Roman names • But the Romans left their personalities intact • Early Romans were an agrarian society & the gods fit the daily needs of everyday life • They believed that gods lived everywhere & in everything • Jupiter, ruler of the other deities and spirits, was responsible for the rain

  29. Impressive temples all over the Roman Empire • Every day, the ancient Romans brought offerings of meat and other items to at least one nearby temple. • Usually they visited more than one temple every day • Each home had a personal household god that kept things running smoothly

  30. Roman Baths • Like a visit to a leisure center/spa than a quick scrub • Good place to meet people &business could be conducted

  31. Games & Theater • Board games with counters and dice were very popular with the Romans • People in the countryside would hunt animals for fun as well as food • They went to the theatre to watch plays or listen to music • Actors often wore masks to show whether their character was sad or happy

  32. Amphitheaters • Animals and people were sometimes killed for entertainment as part of shows • Specially trained slaves called GLADIATORS would fight each other • Sometimes they would fight wild animals like lions or bears • When a gladiator lost a fight the audience would decided whether he should die or live. • thumbs out if they wanted them to die. • to live they kept their thumbs in their hands so they couldn't be seen

More Related