The Beginning of Human Society

1. The Beginning of Human Society

2. Early Migration of Modern Humans • Humans first migrated from Africa into Europe and Asia, spreading northeast and northwest • Then they traveled south to Australia and north, crossing the bearing land bridge, into North America • Finally, they spread south to South America

4. Book Pg 5 • What landmasses did modern humans cross to travel from Asia to North America? • The Bering Land Bridge • Why did migration of humans from Africa to the rest of the world take place so slowly? • Traveling was done on foot throughout wilderness

5. Understanding History • About 5,000 years ago people in Southwest Asia and Africa developed systems of writing. This marked the beginning of HISTORY • History is the written or other recorded events of humans • What was the period called before history?

6. Prehistory • Time before history or the time before written or recorded events • How do we know what happened if there was no writing? • People started looking at objects left behind from other era’s. • Those people are called Archeologists • By studying the objects we learn about people culture and how they lived.

7. Examples • If we found a very large spear point what size of animal do you think the humans hunted? • They can also look at the type of tools that the humans used such as stone or copper.

8. The Iceman • Pg. 6 • What is the icemans cause of death? • At first they thought he froze to death but then they determined he died during a struggle • Why did they change their minds? • They found an arrow lodged in his shoulder and knife wounds on his hand

9. Oral Traditions • Also before history or written account of events were events passed down by mouth • We still have oral traditions such as when we tell our family history • These stories help the scientists determine how a society lived and what people considered important • Though they are important they are not always accurate • How do we benefit from hearing about the past?

10. Griot • African Storyteller • Similar to our rappers • Listen to the song

11. Linking Geography and History • Historians turn to geography to understand what events took place and why • Weather patterns, the water supply, and the landscape of a place all effect the lives of people who live there • Example: Egypt- The nile flooded every year and left the soil very fertile so there was an abundance of crops. That meant not everyone one had to farm and could have different jobs. • That is why Egyptian civilization was so successful

12. Questions • What do scientists study to learn about prehistory • The study the remains of, and objects that belong to, ancient people • What do we know about societies that leave behind written records? • Interests, what they eat, jobs, and climate

13. Timelines • In history, many events and many different times are studied but they are hard to keep track of. • So a simple diagram was invented to show the order in which events happened.

14. Practice on timeline • Pg 11 • What does the title of the timeline tell you? • Its from prehistory to today • What is the timespan? • From 4000 b.c. to 2000 a.d. • What are the intervals of time? • 1000 years • Is this a long or short timespan? • Long

15. More Practice • Pg 22 • Table labeled as early cities • Label your timeline early cities • Determine time span-1500 B.C. to 3500 B.C. • Find the intervals of time- 500 years • Is this a long or short period of time? Compared to the original map on pg 11 it is a short period of time

16. Section 2 PrehistoryStone age Hunting and Gathering • Pg 12 Read beginning paragraph • Human ancestors used tools and we learn by studying these tools. • The earliest tool was a stone • This marked the period of time called the stone age • Bone and wood were also used shortly after • Scientists think that the stone age continued for hundreds of thousands of years until metal was discovered.

17. Three periods of stone age • The old stone age- No farming, they were hunters and gatherers (hunt wild animals and gather wild plants).Almost all of prehistory was during this time. • The middle stone age- • The new stone age

18. Fire! • Between 1,400,000 and 500,000 years ago our ancestors learned how to use fire • No one really knows how the discovered it • The ability to create fire was a HUGE step from our ancestors • Because of this, they could move to areas with colder climates.

19. Settling New Areas • After development of tools people left original home of Africa • Nomads- people who have no settled home • They moved around to find food • They survived in all sorts of geographical conditions

20. Middle Stone Age • Some of our ancestors continued to live as hunter-gatherers but: • Others moved into the Middle Stone Age • This era consisted of more advanced tools

21. New Stone Age • Practice of Farming shows the beginning of the New Stone Age • About 11,000 years ago, people in SW Asia started planting seeds of wild grasses and new grasses would also come up. • They did not have to be Nomads anymore but they still depended on stone tools • Though lots of societies learned to farm there were still many societies that were in the old stone age

22. Pastoral Nomads • While there were some that started farming and left their nomadic ways there were others that chose to be pastoral nomads • These people raised live stock and traveled from place to place to find a grazing area for their animals • There are still pastoral nomads in areas such as Iraq and Syria

23. In most societies, women were responsible for plants and seeds • Therefore, they had to be the first to plant seeds • While the men hunted the women planted • They decided to plant in the same areas each year

24. Farming around the world • Each location has a different soil and therefore are some are better for farming than others • A place that is Fertile is rich in substance that plants need to grow • Areas that had long springs and summers were also great places to farm. Why? • Places with Gentle rain were good places to farm as well. Why?

25. Look on Pg 15 • As farming peoples settled in new areas they brought seeds and farming techniques with them • What crops originated in Southwest Asia? • Wheat, Barley, Beans • What do you think happened to people who tried to settle on land that was not suitable for farming? • They quickly moved to other locations

26. Plant selection • When people first began to plant crops they chose only the biggest and best tasting plants • By doing this they domesticated plants • This means that they adapted these wild plants for human use • This very slowly led to the kinds of foods we eat today • Pg 16- Look at the different ears of corn

27. Raising Animals • How did we use wild animals for human use? • Domestication, just like with plants • The first animal to be domesticated was probably the dog because they helped with hunting • Sheep, goats, and pigs were domesticated because it allowed for a ready made supply of meat, milk, wool, and skins • Through slow and careful breeding more gentle and more productive animals were developed.

28. Challenge of Domestication • Many attempts have been made to domesticate certain animals and many have failed • Certain animals are not easily domesticated because they do not breed well in captivity • Example:Ancient India tamed wild elephants for battle

29. Questions • Describe how people of the Old Stone Age survived • Hunted using stone weapons, gathered plants, moved around constantly in search of food • What marked the beginning of the New Stone Age? • People growing own food

30. Focus on Hunter-Gatherers • Look at pg 18-19 • Group hunting- One would lure the animal in while another would ambush and kill the animal • They were self-sufficient- They made their own clothes, food, and shelter • Cave art- Art made from charcoal and other material. The H-G’s painted animal forms and symbols on cave walls

31. Pictures Cave art- Southern Africa, Middle Stone Age Stone tools that the hunter-gathers used

32. Section 3The Beginning of Civilization • Pg 20 • Building of Irrigation system • This system supplies water from one place to another using a network of canals • This also lead to dams to control water flow around their crops

33. Advantages of Settled Life • Farming was much harder than hunting and gathering but it had many more rewards • There was surplus or more than was needed of crops and was stored for later • This surplus also affected the size of families • Population went from 5 million 10,000 years ago to 20 million 7,000 years ago

34. Early Villages and Towns • As population increased areas were made into towns • Because there was a surplus of food people could choose other jobs instead of farming • An Artisan is a person who is expecially skilled in crafting items by hand • They make things like baskets and tools

35. Growth of Cities • Cities were more likely to develop in areas where rich soil created large surpluses of food • Dependable drinking water and materials to build shelter were also needed • Many of the early cities were on a river such as the nile in Egypt

36. Earliest Cities • These were different from farming villages • Cities were larger, had large public buildings that stored surplus grains, houses of worship, and stores • Villages- Most were farmers • Cities- Variety of jobs such as artisans • As population grew- Government developed

37. Earliest cities chart • Pg 22 • Where were the cities of Ur and Anyang located? • Ur- Iraq, Anyang- China • When were they founded? • Ur- c 3500 B.C., Anyang- c 1700 B.C.

38. What did the Government do? • Kept order in society • Provided services • Settled disputes • Managed public buildings and irrigation projects

39. The First Civilizations • Some Stone Age societies grew into civilizations or societies that have cities, a central government run by official leaders, and workers who specialize in various jobs • Writing, Art, and Architecture also characterize a civilization

40. Bronze Age • By 6600 B.C. Artisans in Europe and Asia had learned a key skill • They learned that if you melt a certain rock at a high temperature the metal copper seperates from the rock • 3000 B.C. they combined copper with tin and that made bronze • This was the beginning of the Bronze age • This discovery made items more durable and longer lasting- Ex. Helmets, tools, and weapons

41. Trade and the spread of Ideas • Traders took items such as pottery, tools and weapons, baskets, cloth, and spices to far away cities to trade for food and goods people in their home city wanted • The invention of the wheel and axle made it easier to take more items to different cities for trade and also goods could be wheeled through the market to sell

42. Trade over water • Merchant ships carried goods across seas and rivers. • This travel allowed exposure to new cultures and new people • New tools and ideas moved from one society to another

43. Social Classes Developed • Growing trade led to more prosperity or riches • This lead to social classes or groups of people that have a similar background, income, and way of living • Large cities- Hierarchy

44. Questions? • What effect did food surplus have on people and population? • Population grew and people could do jobs other than farming • What resources were necessary for villages to grow into cities? • Rich, fertile soil, dependable drinking water, materials to build shelter