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Chapter Ten Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health

Chapter Ten Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health. Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovascular Pertaining to the heart ( cardio ) and the blood vessels ( vasculara ) Estimated Prevalence of Major Cardiovascular Diseases Hypertension 73,600,000 Coronary heart disease 16,000,000 Stroke 6,500,000

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Chapter Ten Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health

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  1. Chapter Ten Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health

  2. Cardiovascular Disease • Cardiovascular • Pertaining to the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vasculara) Estimated Prevalence of Major Cardiovascular Diseases • Hypertension 73,600,000 • Coronary heart disease 16,000,000 • Stroke 6,500,000 • Congestive heart failure 5,700,000 • Congenital heart disease 1,300,000

  3. The Vascular System • Refers to the blood vessels • Arteries carry blood away from the heart • Arterioles are smaller-diameter extensions of arteries • Veins carry blood back into the heart • Venules are smaller-diameter extensions of veins • Capillaries • Smallest extensions of the vascular system • Site of exchange of oxygen, food, and waste

  4. Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease

  5. The Heart • Four-chambered pump • Size of a fist • Function: • Creates pressure to circulate blood throughout the body • Location: • Left center of the thorax (between lungs) • Electrocardiograph (ECG or EKG) measures the cardiac electrical functioning

  6. Circulation through the Heart

  7. Blood • Functions of the circulatory system • Transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste products • Regulation of water content of cells • Regulation of body temperature • Buffering of pH level • Prevention of blood loss • Protection against toxins and microorganisms by circulating antibodies within the bloodstream • Average person has 5 quarts of blood

  8. Risk Factors That Cannot Be Changed • Increasing age • Most people who die from heart disease are age 65 and older • Male gender • Before age 55, men have a greater risk of heart disease than women do • After menopause, women’s rates of heart disease increase • Heredity • Family history • Race/ethnicity

  9. Major Risk Factors: The “Big Six” Tobacco smoke Physical inactivity Abnormal blood cholesterol levels High blood pressure Diabetes mellitus Obesity and overweight Contributing Risk Factor Individual responses to stress Risk Factors That Can Be Changed

  10. Risk Factors That Can Be Changed • Tobacco smoke • Increases risk of heart attack, sudden cardiac death • Affects nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke • Quitting leads to a reduced risk of heart disease • Physical inactivity • Exercise strengthens the heart muscle, maintains healthy blood vessels • Lowers cholesterol levels • Encourages weight loss and retention of lean muscle mass • Moderates stress

  11. Risk Factors That Can Be Changed • Abnormal Blood Cholesterol Levels Classification of Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL, and HDL

  12. Risk Factors That Can Be Changed • High blood pressure • Damages heart and blood vessels • Diabetes mellitus • Increases risk of heart and blood vessel disease • Linked to abnormal levels of cholesterol and other blood fats • Obesity and overweight • Abdominal obesity is especially risky

  13. Metabolic Syndrome • Risk factors often appear in a group Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome • Elevated waist circumference • Men: ≥ 40 inches • Women: ≥ 35 inches • Elevated triglycerides • ≥ 150 mg/dL • Reduced HDL cholesterol • Men: < 40 mg/dL • Women: < 50 mg/dL • Elevated blood pressure • ≥ 130/85 mmHg • Elevated fasting glucose • ≥ 100 mg/dL

  14. Forms of Cardiovascular Disease • Coronary heart disease • Hypertension • Stroke • Congenital heart disease • Rheumatic heart disease • Congestive heart failure • Diseases of the arteries • Arrhythmias

  15. Coronary Heart Disease • Damage to vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle • Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque on the inner walls of arteries • Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Death of part of the heart muscle • Biomarkers • Homocysteine • High sensitivity C-reactive protein

  16. Progression of Atherosclerosis

  17. Cholesterol and Lipoproteins • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) • “Bad” cholesterol • High-density lipoprotein (HDL) • “Good” cholesterol • To improve cholesterol levels: • Reduce saturated fat intake • Reduce cholesterol intake • Reduce caloric intake to control weight

  18. Coronary Heart Disease • Angina pectoris: Chest pain with stress or exertion • Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, back or jaw pain Emergency treatment: CPR and AEDs • Diagnosis • Blood tests • Vital signs • Electrocardiogram, echocardiogram • Coronary arteriography • PET, EBCT, and MRI • Nuclear medicine

  19. Coronary Heart Disease • Surgical treatments • Coronary artery bypass surgery • Provides alternative routes for blood to take around points of blockage • Percutaneous coronary intervention • A slender balloon-tipped tube is used to flatten plaque and widen an artery • Heart transplant • Nonsurgical treatments • Medications, including aspirin

  20. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

  21. Hypertension • Symptoms: “Silent killer” (no symptoms) • Screening: Regular checks of resting blood pressure • Effects: Heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, eye damage Classification

  22. Hypertension • Prevention and treatment • Weight reduction • Physical activity • Moderation in alcohol use • DASH eating plans • Salt restriction • Stress reduction • Medication

  23. Stroke • Blockage of vessel to the brain • Types of stroke • Cerebrovascular occlusions • Cerebral hemorrhage • Cerebral aneurysm • Warning sign: Transient ischemic attack (TIA) • Diagnosis • Computerized axial tomography (CT) scan • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan • Treatment • Clot dissolving drugs • Cell-rebuilding drugs

  24. Causes of Stroke

  25. Congenital Heart Disease • Abnormalities present at birth • Caused by environmental factors or illness • Types • Valve damage • Holes in the walls of the septum • Blood vessel transportation • Underdevelopment of left side of the heart • Treatment • Surgery may be performed to repair malformations

  26. Rheumatic Heart Disease • Chronic damage to the heart • Result of streptococcal infection in the heart • Complication of rheumatic fever • Damage tends to occur in valves of the heart • Diagnosis: X-rays, echocardiogram • Treatment: Surgery

  27. Congestive Heart Failure • Inability of the heart to pump out all the blood that returns to it • Fluid accumulates in veins, lungs, and kidneys • Caused by heart damage from other causes • Treatment • Rest • Proper diet • Modified daily activities • Use of appropriate drugs

  28. Diseases of the Arteries Peripheral artery disease (PAD) • Atherosclerotic blockages that occur in arteries that supply blood to the legs and arms • Causes • Cigarette smoking • Obesity • High-fat diet • Sedentary occupations • Treatment • Blood vessel surgery • Medication • Modified lifestyle

  29. Arrhythmias • Irregular beating pattern of the heart caused by disruption of the normal sequence of electrical activity in the heart • Can result in loss of consciousness or even death • Diagnosis: EKG • Treatment: Medication to control heart rate • Heart patterns • Bradycardia: Fewer than 60 beats/minute at rest • Tachycardia: More than 100 beats/minute at rest

  30. CVD Prevention • Avoid tobacco • Choose a healthy diet • Be physically active • Control body weight • Manage stress • Get regular screenings

  31. Chapter Ten: Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health

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