KINDS OF TRANSLATION

1. KINDS OF TRANSLATION Literal Versus Idiomatic Form-based kinds of translation: meaning-based Form based is to follow the form of the source language and is known as literal translation. Meaning-based is to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language and is known as Idiomatic translation.

2. Literal translation may be useful for purposes related to the study of the source language, they are of little help to speakers of the receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the source language text. • Literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value. For example: Papua New Guinea : kandaro literal translation: your-name call This literal translation makes little sense in English. The appropriate translation would be What is your name?

3. If the two languages are related, the translation could be understood, since the general grammatical form may be similar. For example: Frence: Madamme Odette, passanger á destination de Douala, estdemandée au téléphone. Literal English translation: Madamme Odette, passenger with destination Douala, is demanded on the telephone. Idiomatic English translation: Ms. Odette, passenger for Doula, you are wanted on the phone.

4. Most translators who tend to translate literally actually make a partially modified literal translation. They modify the order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. For example language in Papua New Guinea: roohombongusifupamariboyandi Literal I her heart I-fastened her Modified literal I fastened her in my heart. The sentence translation still doesn’t communicate in clear English. An idiomatic translation would have used the form “ I never forget her”, or “I’ve kept her memory in my heart”.

5. An idiomatic translation uses the natural forms of the receptor language, both grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical items. It sounds like it was written originally in the receptor. Good translator will try to translate idiomatically. • The process of idiomatic translation stars from very literal ,to literal, to modified literal, to near idiomatic, to idiomatic and then even move on to be unduly free.

6. Translating Grammatical Features • Parts of speech are language specific. Each language has its own division of the lexicon into classes such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. It will not always be possible to translate a source language noun with noun in the receptor language. Example: Decentralization of economic activity, planning and government spending, with emphasis on agricultural development, village industry, better internal trade, and more spending channeled through local and area bodies. The word such as decentralization, activity, planning, government spending, emphasis, development, and trade would have to be rendered by verbs in most languages.

7. Most languages have a class of words which may be called pronouns. Pronominal systems very greatly from language to language, and the translator is obliged to use the forms of the receptor language even though they have very different meaning from the pronouns of the source language. For example : If translator is translating into Balinese, he must distinguish degrees of honor even though nothing in the source language indicates these distictions. He will need to understand the cultural of the Balinese and the culture context of the context he is translating in order to choose correctly.

8. In English the first plural pronoun “We” is often used when the real meaning is second person “You”. sympathy We understanding It’s time for us to take our medicine now. We’re not going to shout, we’ll walk quietly to our places

9. Translating Lexical Features • Each language has its own idiomatic way of expressing meaning through lexical items (words, phrases, etc). For example the word fever is referred to (literal translations are given to show the source language form): Greek: the fever left him. Aguaruna : he cooled. Ilocano: the fever was more in him. The English translation of all three would be: his fever went down or his temperature returned to normal.

10. Literal Idiomatic I don’t have my eye on you I don’t remember you I’ve already buried my eye I’m already ready to go I’ll pull your eyelid I’ll ask a favor of you My eye is hard on you I remember you I’ll do it with my head I’ll do it the way I think it should be done His ear is rotten He is spoiled

11. Names of animals are used metaphorically in most languages. For example, when someone is called a pig in english, it usually means he is dirty or greedy eater. In Mexico, it means stupid. Tzeltal he sleeps on the ground, Aztec “he is drunk”. • In some languages, certain words can only be expressed by the use of a quotation and the verb say. For the example Wawai doesn’t have a special word for promise, praise, deny. Then must be translated by the word say English Waiwai You promised to come I will certainly come, you said He praised the canoe It’s a wonderful canoe, he said He denied that he took it I didn’t take it, he said