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The Subjunctive!

We have thoroughly covered the Indicative. Now it is time for…. The Subjunctive!. Rarely used in English Indicative = facts, things that have happened Subjunctive = possibility, hoped for, not fact Most used in specific kinds of subordinate clauses

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The Subjunctive!

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  1. We have thoroughly covered the Indicative. Now it is time for… The Subjunctive! • Rarely used in English • Indicative = facts, things that have happened • Subjunctive = possibility, hoped for, not fact • Most used in specific kinds of subordinate clauses • The good news: absolutely regular formation

  2. Imperfect Subjunctive The easiest tense in Latin! Can you recognize how it is constructed? Eucleides, cum praedones timeret, solus nocte non egressus est. Sextus rogavit ubi esset Davus. Sextus rogavit quid Davis faceret. Cum Magistra intraret, omnes discipuli surrexerunt. Add personal endings to the present active infinitive.

  3. Imperfect Subjunctive Change these verbs from imperfect indicative to imperfect subjunctive. • Cum piratae arcessebant… • Cum Sextus obsecrabat… • Cum pecuniam rapiebatis… • Cum non valebamus… • Cum nihil in ludo discebas… • Cum in terram evadere poteramus… • Cum Sextus grammatico non parebat… • 8. Cum grammaticus Sextum dormientem animadvertebat… • 9. Cum nos omnes Sextum monebamus… • Cum Romam regredi volebatis… • Cum cibum adferebas… • Cum in nave magna navigabam… arcesserent… obsecraret… animadverteret… raperetis… valeremus… moneremus… disceres… velletis… possemus… adferres… navigarem… pareret…

  4. Use your review vocab sheets to fill in an imperfect subjunctive. • Magistra rogavit quis / qui ___________ • Cum discipuli ________, • Magistra gavisa est.

  5. Pluperfect Subjunctive Almost as easy as the imperfect subjunctive. Titus, cum amicos in popinā conspexisset, eos salutavit. Cornelius rogavit quid praedones fecissent. Davus nescivit cur Geta efugisset. Quintus Valerius, cum piratae eum superavissent, non iam restitit. Add personal endings to the perfect active infinitive.

  6. Pluperfect Subjunctive Change these pluperfect indicatives to pluperfect subjunctives. • 8. …quid Sextus cupiverat. • 9. …quid facere potueratis. • 10. …cur tecum ire nolueram. • 11. …cur nihil in ludo dediceras. • 12. …qui nobis resisterant. • …unde princeps redierat. • …quomodo evaseras. • …cur Sextus grammatico non paruerat. • …unde piratae venerant. • …ubi Valerius fuerat. • …quos rapueratis. • …quid nos omnes feceramus. • ..in quo loco fueras. • …unde veneram. cupivisset. paruisset. potuissetis. venissent. noluissem. fuisset. rapuissetis. dedicisses. fecissemus. resistissent. fuisses. rediisset. venissem. evasisses.

  7. Using your review vocab sheets, complete the following sentences with a pluperfect subjunctive. Magistra rogabat quid vos ________. Cum nos ___________, convalescebamus.

  8. Subjunctives are used in particular kinds of subordinate clauses Today: The Indirect Question Direct: Sextus rogavit, “Ubi est Davus?” Indirect: Sextus rogavit ubi esset Davus.

  9. Can you figure out what an indirect question is? Grammaticus Sextum rogavit ubi esset Hesperia. Piratae Valerium rogaverunt quis esset. Rogavimus cur piratae nos pauperes cepissent. Cornelia scire voluit quo irent. An indirect question reports, but does not quote, a question. The sentence that contains an indirect question is usually not a question! Did you notice that the heading above is an indirect question?

  10. Indirect Questions • Look for introductory verbs of asking, knowing, wondering, and other such verbs • Look for interrogative words starting the indirect question: • Quis, quid (who, what) • Si, nisi (if, if…not) • Quo (where to) • Num (whether, if) • Cur (why) • Qualis, quale (what kind of) • Unde (from where) • Imperfect tense shows action at the same time as the main verb. • Pluperfect tense shows action before the main verb.

  11. Indirect Questions Translate into English. • Cornelia rogavit quis Quintum Valerium ad Bithyniam misisset. • Cornelia rogavit quis Quintum Valerium ad Bithyniam mitteret. • Servus scivit quot dies navigavissent. • Servus scivit quot dies navigarent. • Piratae nesciverunt qualis homo esset Valerius. • Piratae scire voluerunt si Valerius multam pecuniam haberet. • Pirata explicabat cur Romanos non amaret. • Valerius nesciebat num servus auxilium ferret. • Valerius nesciebat num servus auxilium tulisset.

  12. Subjunctive Cum Clauses How do you translate cum in these sentences? Magister navis nostrae, cum has scaphas hominum plenas conspexisset, “Pro di immortales!” exclamavit. Piratae, enim, cum nos effugere conantes conspexissent, navem nostram adorti sunt. Tum piratae, cum nos superavissent, arma nobis ademerunt. Nocte, cum omnes dormirent, ego surrexi, pugione modo armatus. Magister navis, cum valde timeret, suos vetuit nos adiuvare. Cum may be translated “when”, “since”, “because”, even “although”.

  13. Subjunctive Cum Clauses • Sometimes they show cause, in which case cum can be translated as since or because. • Sometimes they show the circumstances that give rise to another activity, in which case cum can be translated as when. • Usually context is the best factor to determine the translation for cum. Just try each translation out and see what works best. • Use of imperfect tense for action at the same time as the main verb. • Use of pluperfect tense for action before the main verb.

  14. Subjunctive Cum Clauses Would you translate these cum clauses using when or since? • Cum casae appropinquavissem, dominum vidi. • Cum casam intravisset, custodem pugione percussit. • Cum pater huius adulescentis divitissimus esset, multam pecuniam poposcerunt piratae. • Valerius, cum Brundisii maneret, epistulam ad Cornelium misit. • Sextus miserrimus fuit cum russati non vicissent. • Grammaticus me, cum de Hesperia ignorarem, verberavit. • Magister navis, cum piratas timeret, vera dicere constituit.

  15. Translate the verb for each of these cum clauses into Latin. Then translate. • Cum vis tempestatis ________________, ad navem regressi sumus.(cadere, had subsided) • Cum homines piratae ____________, resistere verebamur. (were) • Ego, cum piratas dormientes _________________, furtim casae appropinquavi. (had spotted) • Cum mercatores nos ______________, navis Brundisium navigabat. (were taking care) • Cum dominus meus vulneribus _______________, eum ad litus tuli. (aegrotare, was sick) • Cum tu de Valerio fabulam ________________, Cornelia de Valerio sollicta fiebat. (had told) • Nocte, cum omnes _____________, ego surrexi, pugione modo armatus. (were sleeping) • Cum nos complures dies Brundisii ____________, dominus meus convaluit. (manere, had stayed) cecidisset essent conspexissem curarent aegrotaret narravisses dormirent mansissemus

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