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NERVOUS SYSTEM PART 5

NERVOUS SYSTEM PART 5. RA # 4.5. What are the three structures for detecting light energy for animals?. 1. Oscilli 2. Eye cup 3. Eyes with lens. What are the two types of eyes with lens?. Compound eyes Single eye. Describe the photoreceptors of the eye.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM PART 5

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  1. NERVOUS SYSTEM PART 5 RA # 4.5

  2. What are the three structures for detecting light energy for animals? • 1. Oscilli • 2. Eye cup • 3. Eyes with lens

  3. What are the two types of eyes with lens? • Compound eyes • Single eye

  4. Describe the photoreceptors of the eye. • Rods = detect black, white, & gray • most abundant in animals • Possess Rhodopsin pigment

  5. Describe the photoreceptors of the eye. (continued) 2. Cones = detect color • Found in some vertebrates • Possess Photopsin pigments (red, blue & green)

  6. Why is locomotion such a large consumer of ATP? • To overcome forces of gravity and friction. Which type of environment must overcome much gravity & friction? • Air Which type of environment must overcome little gravity yet much friction? • Water Which type of environment must overcome much gravity yet little friction? • Land

  7. What is a motor unit? • Motor neuron plus the muscle cells it innervates.

  8. What neurotransmitter initiates muscle contraction and how does this depolarize the muscle fiber? • Acetylcholine – causes an ion gated channel to open and allow an influx of Na+ into the cell which depolarizes it

  9. How does an action potential reach a muscle’s sarcoplasmic reticulum? • Via T-tubules

  10. When the sarcoplasmic reticulum receives an action potential, what occurs? • Release of Ca++ Extracellular fluid Signal molecule (first messenger) PIP2 G protein DAG GTP Phospholipase C IP3 (second messenger) IP3-gated calcium channel sarcoplasmic reticulum Cellular responses Various proteins activated Ca2+ Ca2+ (second messenger) CYTOSOL

  11. When Ca++ is released, where does it go within the muscle fiber? • Ca++ attaches to troponin which allows cross bridges to form.

  12. Once Ca++ attaches to troponin, explain what occurs. • Cross-bridges form between actin & myosin • Using ATP, myosin bends and pulls fibers inward

  13. Sliding Filament Theory

  14. Explain the relaxation of a muscle fiber. • Acetylcholine esterase destroy Acetylcholine on muscle fiber membrane. • Cross-bridges are broken • The filaments slide back to normal position • Ca++ is reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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