Earth Space Honor End of Course Exam Review

1. Earth Space Honor End of Course Exam Review Questions 28-44 2013

2. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.2: Analyze the causes of various kinds of surface and deep water motion within the oceans and their impacts on the transfer of energy between the poles and the equator. 28. List several causes of deep water ocean currents. • Differences in density due to: • Temperature (colder is more dense) • Salinity (more salt is more dense) • Dense water from the poles sinks down to the bottom. • Less dense, warm water stays on top. • WHEN COLD WATER COMES TO THE SURFACE IT IS CALLED UPWELLING

3. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.2: Analyze the causes of various kinds of surface and deep water motion within the oceans and their impacts on the transfer of energy between the poles and the equator. 28. List several causes of deep water ocean currents. A gyre in oceanography is any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis Effect.

4. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.2: Analyze the causes of various kinds of surface and deep water motion within the oceans and their impacts on the transfer of energy between the poles and the equator. 32. List several causes of surface ocean currents. Surface currents are caused by the WIND (the friction between air and water molecules) and also influenced by the Coriolis Effect

5. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.2: Analyze the causes of various kinds of surface and deep water motion within the oceans and their impacts on the transfer of energy between the poles and the equator. 33. Describe the location of the Gulf Stream current. The Gulf Stream is a warm current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, flow up the East coast of the US, and over to northern Europe. IT MAKES FLORIDA WARMER AND MORE HUMID.

6. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.2: Analyze the causes of various kinds of surface and deep water motion within the oceans and their impacts on the transfer of energy between the poles and the equator. 34. How does the Gulf Stream impact the climates of North America and northwestern Europe? The Gulf Stream brings warm, humid air to the East Coast of the US and allows areas in Northern Europe to have a warmer, mild climate than they normally would have.

7. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.3: Differentiate and describe the various interactions among Earth systems, including: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. 35.List and give examples of the three ways that heat is transferred. 1. Convection: The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid. 2. Conduction: The transfer of heat through matter by direct contact. Energy is transferred by collision of one molecule to another. 3. Radiation: The transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic waves

8. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.3: Differentiate and describe the various interactions among Earth systems, including: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. 35.List and give examples of the three ways that heat is transferred.

9. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.3: Differentiate and describe the various interactions among Earth systems, including: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. 35.List and give examples of the three ways that heat is transferred. • Convection Examples: • Water heating on the stove • Movement of molten rock in the mantle • The movement of air on Earth’s surface • Warm air rising out of on oven • Conduction Examples: • A metal spoon heating up in a pot of water • Your feet burning as your walk across the sand • The Earth’s surface heating the atmosphere above it • Radiation Examples: • Sun shining down on earth • Sunburn on your skin

10. How does heat energy get from the Sun to the Earth? There are no particles between the Sun and the Earth so it CANNOT travel by conduction or by convection. ? RADIATION

11. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.3: Differentiate and describe the various interactions among Earth systems, including: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. 36.Describe the role(s) that conduction, convection, and radiation play in the heating of Earth’s atmosphere. Convection: Warm air rising in the atmosphere and cool air sinking Radiation: Energy moves from the sun, through space, to Earth. Some is absorbed or reflected in our atmosphere Conduction: Heat from the Earth is transferred to the air above it Earth’s Surface Energy absorbed by Earth

12. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.3: Differentiate and describe the various interactions among Earth systems, including: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. 37.Give several examples of interactions between the following earth spheres: • Atmosphere and Hydrosphere: • As water evaporates, it becomes part of the atmosphere • Water vapor and cloud formation can influence the heating of the atmosphere • The Water Cycle • Atmosphere and Geosphere: • The Earth directly heats the atmosphere • Volcanic eruptions can add material and gases to the atmosphere • Weather from atmosphere can affect the land surface by weathering and erosion • Atmosphere and Biosphere: • Photosynthesis and respiration can change the gases in the atmosphere • Human activity add CO2 to atmosphere • Weather (especially severe) has an effect on living things • The carbon cycle

13. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.4: Summarize the conditions that contribute to the climate of a geographic area, including the relationships to lakes and oceans. 38.What is the difference between latitude and longitude? • Latitude: Distance North or South from the equator • Longitude: Distance measured East of West from the prime meridian

14. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.4: Summarize the conditions that contribute to the climate of a geographic area, including the relationships to lakes and oceans. 38.Whatis the difference between elevation and altitude? • Altitude • vertical distance ABOVE the surface of the earth • Ex. Height of an airplane • Elevation: • vertical height above sea level ON the surface of the earth • Ex. Height of Mt. Everest

15. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.4: Summarize the conditions that contribute to the climate of a geographic area, including the relationships to lakes and oceans. 39. Where are the lowest and highest latitudes?

16. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.4: Summarize the conditions that contribute to the climate of a geographic area, including the relationships to lakes and oceans. 40. How do climates vary based on the following factors? Latitude: The closer to the equator that you are located the warmer the climate. As you move away toward the poles the cooler the climate becomes. Elevation (altitude): As you rise higher in the troposphere temperature decreases. Geographic Location: areas near large bodies of water have a much smaller range of temperature than those located within a continent. Presence of snow, icecaps, glaciers and clouds: These items reflect the suns radiation and allow for cooler temperatures. During the evening clouds can hold in the heat like a blanket causing warmer temps. CLOUDS INSULATE THE LAND

17. Change of Temperature by latitude

18. Temperature with different Elevations

19. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.4: Summarize the conditions that contribute to the climate of a geographic area, including the relationships to lakes and oceans. 41. How do the climates of the northern and southern hemispheres vary? Why? Unequal heating of land and sea cause pressure differences and can cause large amounts of precipitation (monsoons) during the summer months. This happens over Asia and to a lesser extent North America. Since the southern hemisphere has less landmass these weather patterns do not occur. The southern hemisphere actually allows wind and ocean currents to travel continuously around the globe. This does not happen in the Northern Hemisphere due to the continents.

20. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.5: Predict future weather conditions based on present observations and conceptual models and recognize limitation and uncertainties of such predictions. 42. How does Earth’s rotation impact ocean and air currents? If the Earth wasn’t rotating the global winds would be very simple. They would rise at the equator and move toward the poles in a straight line.

21. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.5: Predict future weather conditions based on present observations and conceptual models and recognize limitation and uncertainties of such predictions. 42. How does Earth’s rotation impact ocean and air currents? Since the Earth rotates the winds follow a much different pattern. The rotation causes the Coriolis Effect which deflects the winds from their original path. This causes the winds to curve.

22. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.5: Predict future weather conditions based on present observations and conceptual models and recognize limitation and uncertainties of such predictions. 43. What are the four main types of air masses? There are four main types of air masses. • 1. Tropical - warm, air masses with a low pressure. • 2. Polar - cold, air masses with high pressure. • 3. Maritime - form over the ocean and are very humid. • 4. Continental - form over land and are dry.

23. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.5: Predict future weather conditions based on present observations and conceptual models and recognize limitation and uncertainties of such predictions. 44. What are the causes of stormy weather? -fair weather? Stormy weather can be caused by multiple factors. Lift in the atmosphere Low pressure systems Frontal boundaries (warm air mass and cool air mass converging) WINDS ALWAYS GO FROM HIGH TO LOW. THE LAND HEATS AND COOLS FATER THAN THE WATER CREATING LAND BREEZES AT NIGHT AND SEA BREEZES DURING THE DAY. Fair weather is caused by stable air. This is typically associated with High Pressure (cold, sinking, air)