COMPLEX SENTENCE STRUCTURE

1. COMPLEX SENTENCE STRUCTURE Main Points Topic NOTES

2. Topic Complex Sentence Main Points • Contains one independent clause connected to one or more dependent clause(s). • Ex: • Because Helen’s alarm didn’t go off, she missed her bus. • Where is the independent clause? • Dependent Clause? • Clues?

3. Topic Review: Independent Clause Main Points • A complete sentence which contains a subject and a verb and can stand alone She missed her bus. • A unit that contains a subject and verb but can’t stand alone because it begins with a connecting word known as a subordinating conjunction Because Helen’s alarm didn’t go off New: Dependent Clause • What is the base word of dependent? • How does that connect to the function of the dependent clause?

4. There are 2 types of SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS that introduce Dependent Clauses: • A word that helps show the relationship between information in the dependent clause and information in the independent clause. • Ex: After I took a short nap, I felt better. Subordinating Conjunction Sub = below (in rank) Ordinate = main unit Conjunction = joining word Pass out SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS LIST.

5. A. Subordinating Conjunctions that Introduce Adverb Clauses: • These subordinating conjunctions answer the questions “why”, “when”, “where”, “in what manner”, “under what conditions”, or “to what extent” something happened. • When you finish the test, please read your book. . • after though • although unless • as until • as if when • as long as whenever • because ? where • before wherever • even though while • if so that ? • in order that ? than • since • ANSWERS “WHEN”? • WHERE? • WHY? ? • UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS? • TO WHAT EXTENT?

6. B. Subordinating Conjunctions to Introduce Adjective Clauses • Who (Whoever) • Whose • Which • Whom • Where • That • Adjective clauses answer “Which one?” and “What kind?” about a noun in the sentence. • Example: The ladywho drives our bus is crazy. • Box the Dependent Clause, circle the subordinating conjunctions, and underline the independent clause. Label S/V in both clauses. • Which refers to things and animals • Who, whose, and whom refer to people • That usually refers to things

7. COMPLEX CAUTION • A fragment exists if a dependent clause is not attached to an independent clause. • Ex: • Because I am going to my grandparents’ house. • Where I put my binder. • Until I get my grades up. • Since the sun came up.

8. Be CAREFUL when writing or checking over your sentences so that you don’t mistake a fragment for a complete complex sentence. • Because she was in a hurry. F / CCXS • If you go to Starbucks, please bring me back a large coffee. F / CCXS • Sandra had just finished her homework when the phone rang. F / CCXS • Although it was getting very late. F/ CCXS • Whenever there is a full moon. F/ CCXS

9. Work Complex Sentence Independent Practice, I-IV.

10. In the following sentences, BOX the DEPENDENT CLAUSE and UNDERLINE the INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. Label subjects and verbs in both clause types.CIRCLE THE WORD that keeps the dependent clause from being independent. • Whenever Ms. Franny has one of her fits, it reminds me of Winn Dixie in a thunderstorm.ADV or ADJ?--Kate Di Camillo, Because of Win Dixie • The boy who sits in front of me talks too much.ADV or ADJ?-- • Catherine had loaded her bag with the leftovers from Sunday dinner when gunfire slapped through the woods.ADV or ADJ?-- --Truman Capote, The Grass Harp • Because she is holding the microphone so close to her face, each moment of contact sounds like a heavy blow. ADV or ADJ?--–Myla Goldberg, The Bee Season • What do you notice about dependent clauses and complex sentences? Which have introductory dependent clauses, interrupter, and closer? What do you notice about commas?

11. Complex Sentence Patterns • Introductory Clause SinceDavid wasterrified (of the dark),hehurried home. • Notice: A comma comes after an introductory dependent clause. • Box the dependent clause, circle the subordinating conjunction, and underline subjects and verbs in the independent clause. What is the advantage of having a dependent clause connected to an independent clause? (Hint—Take it out and read the sentence without it.)

12. Introductory Clause Pattern , • independent clause SC Dependent Clause (Adverb Clause)

13. Interrupter Clause The soundsthatfilled the forest scared him. * Interrupters will often be adjective clauses placed next to the nouns they describe.

14. Interrupter Clause Pattern • SC Dependent Clause (Adjective Clause) Subject verb

15. Closer Clause • He trembled in fear as the wind blew. Notice: Usually, no commas are included if the dependent clause comes at the end of the sentence.

16. Closer Pattern • SC Dependent Clause (Adj. or Adv. Clause) Independent Clause

17. Combine Short, Choppy Sentences with Dependent Clauses • Instead of the choppy sentences • We were late. We were expelled. • Because we were late, we were expelled. OR • We were expelled because we were late. • Notice the comma separates the introductory clause from the main clause but it is not needed if the dependent clause ends the sentence. Compare this to a compound sentence: We were late, and we were expelled. Which flows more smoothly and indicates a clearer relationship between clauses?

18. Combine Choppy Sentences with Subordinating Conjunctions: • We ate breakfast. We left on our trip. (Combine with Adverb Clause) • Example: Richard plays in a rock band. He is dating Jessica. (Combine with Adjective Clause)

19. One last note of CAUTION—Subordinating Conjunctions vs. Prepositions • Some SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS look like Prepositions. • Ex: after, before, until, since • The difference is that a SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION IS followed by a complete sentence; a PREPOSITION is only followed by an object (noun). • Ex: • Before I left for school, I fed the dog. (SC-complex sentence) • I fed the dog before school. (Simple sentence, PP w/object )

20. Identify Dependent ClausesBracket the dependent clauses, circle the subordinating conjunctions, and underline the independent clauses. LABEL SUBJECTS AND VERBS. Correctthe punctuation when necessary.Note: The subordinate conjunction IS PART OF THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE. • The dog barked because it was lonely. • When the dog barked, the baby woke up. • Mother sang a lullaby when the baby woke up. • Finally, the dog that barked in the night fell asleep.

21. Since the dog started barking the baby who is usually very sweet has been crying non-stop. • The dog which was called Rover was barking. • He will continue to bark until his owner brings him inside for the night. • The dog lives at the house where the blue Mustang is parked.