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New Technologies

New Technologies. Produce human proteins in plants Plant based pharmaceuticals Made from or using rDNA Purification technologies. Biotechnology and Agriculture. Agriculture To produce crops that: Self protected – pest/disease Withstand drought/extreme conditions Higher-quality of food

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New Technologies

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  1. New Technologies • Produce human proteins in plants • Plant based pharmaceuticals • Made from or using rDNA Purification technologies

  2. Biotechnology and Agriculture • Agriculture • To produce crops that: • Self protected – pest/disease • Withstand drought/extreme conditions • Higher-quality of food • Larger quantities (increase yield) • Enhanced crops • Vitamins • Edible vaccines • medications

  3. Biotech Applications • Animal/livestock • Plant food • Fiber crops • Soil science • Forestry • Horticulture • Aquaculture

  4. Biotech Practice • Breeding (roses, lettuce, animal) • Tissue culture (orchids, grasses) • Genetic engineering (corn, soy, cotton)

  5. How are plant-based pharmaceuticals related to genetically engineered organisms? Plant-based pharmaceuticals are genetically engineered plants, that is, engineered to produce human pharmaceuticals. Plant-based pharmaceuticals have altered genetic codes to produce human proteins for harvest from the transformed plants.

  6. Which is larger, genomic DNA(gDNA)or plasmidDNA(pDNA),and by how much? • Answer: Genomic DNA is much larger than plasmid DNA with base pairs in the billions. Plasmid DNA may have up to several thousand base pairs in the strand.

  7. Plant DNA is difficult to extract from plant cells. List a few “tricks” that biotechnologists use to isolate plant DNA. • Answer: Answers will vary, but a few “tricks” that biotechnologists use to isolate plant DNA include freezing plant tissue with liquid nitrogen, using a chloroform/isoamyl alcohol mixture, or using commercially developed plant DNA isolation kits.

  8. Why is the bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens,of interest to biotechnologists? Answer: Agrobacterium is a naturally occurring bacterium that will transfer plasmids into plant cells.

  9. Why is Ti plasmid of interest to biotechnologists? • Answer: Ti plasmid is the naturally occurring plasmid in Agrobacterium that is transferred during plant genetic engineering. Scientists can cut and paste genes of interest into the Ti plasmid and use the recombinant Ti plasmid to carry genes of interest into cells.

  10. What are the names of the naturally occurring bacterium and the plasmid that can infect plants and transfer DNA molecules? • Answer: The bacterium that can infect plants and transfer DNA molecules is called Agrobacterium, and the plasmid is the Ti plasmid.

  11. Name at least two selection genes that are used to confirm that Ti plasmid transformation has occurred. • Answer: Answers may vary, but selection genes that may be used to confirm that Ti plasmid transformation has occurred could include any of the following: neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT II), GUS, or GFP.

  12. How does GUS act as a selection gene? • Answer: The GUS gene produces β-glucuronidase, which breaks down X-Gluc from a colorless to a blue product. A blue precipitate forms in colonies that are transformed with the GUS gene and that are responsible for the glucuronidase reaction.

  13. Why are so many plant genetic-engineering experiments conducted with Arabidopsis, even though it has little, if any, economic value? • Answer: Many plant genetic-engineering experiments are conducted with Arabidopsis because it is hoped that once mechanisms of genetic engineering are understood in Arabidopsis, the technology can be transferred to other plants of economic or ecological importance.

  14. Besides using the Ti plasmid, name another way that foreign genes might be transferred to plant cells. • Answer: Answers will vary, but two possibilities are, 1) using a virus as a vector; or 2) using a “gene gun” to inject DNA into protoplasts.

  15. Suggest a method for creating a recombinant soybean plant that contains and expresses a human insulin gene. • Answers may vary. One approach could be that a recombinant Ti plasmid could be constructed with an inserted human insulin gene. The new plasmid could be inserted into Agrobacterium and Agrobacterium used to inoculate soybean tissue with the recombinant Ti plasmid. If the Ti plasmid transforms the soybean tissue, and the tissue is cultured on plant tissue culture media, transformed plantlets may arise.

  16. What might be the value and application of plants such as the one discussed in question No.7? • Answer: The plant parts (soybeans) could be given or fed to diabetic persons as medicine, or the plants could be ground up and the insulin purified for use as a pharmaceutical.

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