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Chapter 12 DNA & RNA

Chapter 12 DNA & RNA. Section 12 – 4 Mutations. Mutations. Key Concept : Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes. Gene Mutations. Point Mutations Affect one nucleotide Occur at a single point in the gene sequence

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Chapter 12 DNA & RNA

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  1. Chapter 12DNA & RNA Section 12 – 4Mutations

  2. Mutations Key Concept:Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes

  3. Gene Mutations • Point Mutations • Affect one nucleotide • Occur at a single point in the gene sequence • Three Types: • Deletion • Insertion • Substitution

  4. Point Mutations Frameshift Mutations Result From Insertions & Deletions A nucleotide is added, or subtracted from the nucleotide sequence. This shifts the Codon grouping and drastically alters the amino acid sequence in the protein.

  5. Point Mutations Substitution A single nucleotide is changed in the nucleotide sequence. • This may result in a change to a single amino acid in the protein. • The change to a single amino acid may or may not alter the proteins function.

  6. Point Mutations - Substitution

  7. Chromosomal Mutations • Changes the number or structure of chromosomes • May change locations of genes on chromosome or the number of copies of some genes

  8. Chromosomal Mutations 4 Types • Deletion • Duplication • Inversion • Translocation

  9. Deletion X • Deletion • Loss of all or part of a chromosome

  10. Duplication • Duplication • Segment of chromosome is repeated

  11. Inversion • Inversion • Chromosome or part of a chromosome is oriented in the reverse direction

  12. Translocation • Translocation • Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another, • nonhomologous chromosome

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