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PSYCHOLOGY:

PSYCHOLOGY:. Name the artist?. Maybe you’ve heard his music. Kurt Cobain. Member of top grunge band of early 90’s, Nirvana Wife, daughter, fame, popularity At age 27, pressed the barrel of a 20-gauge shotgun to his head, and pulled the trigger.

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PSYCHOLOGY:

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  1. PSYCHOLOGY:

  2. Name the artist? Maybe you’ve heard his music.

  3. Kurt Cobain • Member of top grunge band of early 90’s, Nirvana • Wife, daughter, fame, popularity • At age 27, pressed the barrel of a 20-gauge shotgun to his head, and pulled the trigger In his diary, he wrote, “When you wake up this morning, please read my diary. Look through my things and figure me out”.

  4. Did Kurt Cobain write the song, “I Hate Myself and Want To Die” because of some unconscious forces that he was unaware of and had repressed? If so, how could we have explored what was in Kurt’s unconscious?

  5. “Monkey see monkey do/ I don’t know why I’d rather be dead than cool” - Stay Away “Everything is my fault/I’ll take all the blame” - All Apologies Freud had trouble proving there was an unconscious, but he might have looked at these lyrics and said that Cobain was hiding some of his Unconscious feelings in his lyrics.

  6. Figuring someone out involves exploring PERSONALITY Researchers have developed many ways of assessing personality, but even if we do gain an understanding of how we are (personality), the question of why we are that way (theories of personality) remains. Personality theories help us understand the differences among people

  7. PERSONALITY DEFINED Personality is the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person Personality traits are characteristic behaviors and feelings that are consistent and long lasting Personality States are temporary patterns of behavior and feelings that may arise in a specific situation

  8. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES • Emphasize the unconscious (part of the mind that contains material we are unaware of but that strongly influences behavior) • Unconscious feelings as children = impact adulthood • Main ideas developed by Sigmund Freud

  9. Freud Described the following:

  10. FREUD’S ID, EGO, SUPEREGO Freud used the Id, Ego, and Superego to try to explain how the mind functions and personality is shaped

  11. Id • instinctual & biological urges • lustful, impulsive, fun – pleasure principle • completely unconscious • Seeks immediate gratification of impulses (what feels good) • Ignores consequences Following the pleasure principle (ID) leads to conflict with others (parents) and results in the development of the EGO in the 2nd and 3rd year of life.

  12. Ego • Rational & thoughtful • Based on the reality principle, the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world.

  13. Superego • Responsible for society’s rules of behavior (moral standards). Feels guilty if rules are disobeyed. • Based on morality principle, must follow moral standards and rules and breaking them causes guilt.

  14. ID – What you WANT TO DO EGO – What you CAN DO SUPEREGO – What you SHOULD DO ID & SUPEREGO are frequently in conflict. Ego must satisfy both. Rather than feel conflict or frustration when the ID’s desires & SUPEREGO’s rules cannot be satisfied, humans distort reality using DEFENSE MECHANISMS

  15. Defense Mechanisms

  16. Defense Mechanisms • Used by ego to mask ID’s raw impulses into more socially acceptable behavior. • Rationalization: we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons why we act • Reaction Formation: the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites; “I hate him” becomes “I love him” • Intellectualization: trying to overthink or “logic” your way out of discomfort; for instance, instead of focusing on sadness over a terminal diagnosis, you focus on the details of the disease

  17. Freud’s View of Humor • Freud viewed jokes as expressions of repressed sexual and aggressive tendencies • Dead baby, “mommy mommy,” marriage broker jokes are funny because our id enjoys them—but then we quickly feel bad about that enjoyment because of our superego

  18. Freud’s techniques for exploring the Unconscious • Freud believed that information in the unconscious emerges in slips of the tongue, jokes, dreams, illness symptoms, etc. These are called Freudian Slips. (“When you say one thing, but you mean your mother.”) • Dream interpretation, or analyzing dreams • Psychoanalysis

  19. Freud’s Developmental Stages Stages of Development: • Oral stage: (birth to 1 ½ ) • Focus is on feeding and weaning • Anal Stage: (1 ½ to 2 ½ ) • Focus is on toilet training • Phallic Stage: (2 ½ to 5 or 6) • Focus is on Oedipus Complex • Interest in opposite sex parent • Latency Stage: (6 to preadolescence) • Earlier conflicts become hidden • Genital Stage: (adolescence onward) • Focus is on seeking a marital partner • Earlier conflicts reappear

  20. FREUD’S LEGACY • 1ST Person to propose unified theory to understand and explain human behavior • No theory more complete, complex, or controversial • Some criticize his theory for being impossible to test • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the predecessor of all later personality theories

  21. IN FREUD’S FOOTSTEPS…. OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES Carl Jung • Freud’s personal successor before relationship ended because Jung disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on sexual urges • TheCollective unconscious (part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people) holds Archetypes (an inherited idea based on experiences of one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s personality) • Jung believed we fit our personalities to our Archetypes

  22. ALFRED ADLER • Believed people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority • Inferiority Complex – when a person continually tries to compensate for his weakness and avoid feelings of inadequacy.

  23. Karen Horney • Our primary goal, in Horney’s opinion, is establishing security. • If our need for security isn’t fulfilled when we’re little, Horney believed we’ll spend the rest of our lives looking for it. • Children who find security with their parents will continue to find security with others later on; children who fail to find security with others will grow up feeling insecure and distrustful of others, resulting in three behaviors: avoiding others, always giving in to others, or dominating others.

  24. LEARNING THEORIES • Group of theorists known as Behaviorists • Main belief is that the environment and reinforcement shape personality • As individuals differ in their learning experiences, they acquire different behaviors and, hence, different personalities • Focus on observable behaviors (not thoughts)

  25. B.F. SKINNER • Personality arises from Operant conditioning (specifically reinforcement) • What is the behavior and what causes (reinforces) it?

  26. ALBERT BANDURA • Personality acquired through reinforcement AND observational learning, or imitation • People direct behavior by choice of models • Called Social Cognitive Theory

  27. HUMANISTIC THEORIES • Believe all humans strive for self-actualization, or the realization of their potential • Becoming true to oneself and having an ability to grow

  28. ABRAHAM MASLOW

  29. CARL ROGERS • Two sides to each person (What they value and what they believe others value in them) • Self – one’s image of oneself (who they are) developed through interaction with others • Everyone wants Positive regard – viewing oneself in favorable light due to supportive feedback from others • People may reject parts of their person if they don’t receive positive regard • The self and the person are often different but accepting your person results in becoming a fully functioning individual

  30. TRAIT THEORIES • Try to explain consistency and normal, healthy behavior in different situations • Trait - relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way • Traits apply to all people. • Can quantify traits (scale 1-10 how nice are you)

  31. BIG FIVE TRAIT THEORY Current popular belief; all personality traits derive from five basic personality traits EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLENESS CONSCIENTIOUSNESS OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE NEUROTICISM

  32. O C E A N penness xtraversion euroticism greeableness onscientiousness

  33. PERSONALITY TESTS – WHY? Personality Tests ASSESS an individual’s CHARACTERISTICS and IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. They can help PREDICT future behavior.

  34. OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS A limited- or –forced choice test in which a person must select on of several answers MMPI-2 – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) – • Most widely used objective test • 567 questions divided into groups. People answer true, false, cannot say. • Originally to help diagnose mental disorders MBTI - Myers-Briggs Test – • Rate personality on four scales • Extraversion vs. Introversion • Intuition vs. Sensing • Feeling vs. Thinking • Judging vs. Perceiving

  35. PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS Require subjects to respond to pictures and phrases that can be interpreted in many different ways. Rorschach Test – series of ten inkblots that subjects look at and determine what they see. Most widely used. What do you see in this picture? (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test – series of pictures containing a variety of vague but suggestive scenes. 2nd most widely used

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