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Introduction to Science for Biology Students

Introduction to Science for Biology Students. Measurement The Scientific Method Graphing. Lab Equipment. Graduated Cylinder Measures Volume Place on table Eye Level!! Read at bottom of curve (meniscus). Beaker Measures volume Not as accurate. Flask Measures volume Not as accurate

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Introduction to Science for Biology Students

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  1. Introduction to Science for Biology Students Measurement The Scientific Method Graphing

  2. Lab Equipment • Graduated Cylinder • Measures Volume • Place on table • Eye Level!! • Read at bottom of curve (meniscus)

  3. Beaker • Measures volume • Not as accurate

  4. Flask • Measures volume • Not as accurate • Good for mixing

  5. Balance • Measures mass • Uses grams • Must “zero” it

  6. Ruler • Use CENTIMETERS (cm) or MILLIMETERS (mm) • There are 10 millimeters in every centimeter cm mm

  7. The Scientific Method

  8. *BREAK* • Problem: I’m cold. • Think of some questions that you might ask me in order to solve my problem.

  9. What is the Scientific Method? • A step-by-step way to solve problems Steps: 1. State the Problem 2. Do Research 3. Make a Hypothesis 4. Conduct an Experiment 5. Collect and Measure Data 6. Analyze Data 7. Make a Conclusion

  10. 1. State the Problem • The question you are trying to answer • Based on observations you have made • Observations are made by using your senses (sight, sound, touch, etc.) • Observations are facts! • Inferences are opinions, or assumptions, based on your observations

  11. Observations vs. Inferences

  12. 1. State the Problem • Usually the problem is written as a question • Ex: What affect does caffeine have on your heart rate?

  13. 2. Do Research • Examples of Research: • Newspaper article • TV program • Ask an expert • “Google” It

  14. 3. Make a Hypothesis • States the expected answer to the problem • What do you think the experiment will show? • Must be able to be tested! • Written in an “If…. Then…” format If you drink a soda with caffeine, then your heart rate will be higher than if you drink a soda without caffeine.

  15. 4. Perform an Experiment • The procedure used to test your hypothesis • Hypothesis: If you drink a soda with caffeine, then your heart rate will be higher than if you drink a soda without caffeine. • Your experiment needs to have: • Sodas with caffeine • Sodas without caffeine • People to drink the soda and measure their heart rate

  16. In an experiment, you test one variable at a time • A variable is something that changes Independent Variables (IV) – what YOU change on purpose; is known before the experiment Dependent Variable (DV) – what you measure in the experiment; is NOT known before the experiment Controls: a variable that you keep the same throughout the experiment

  17. Variables • In our experiment, we have: • Sodas with caffeine • Sodas without caffeine • People to drink the soda and measure their heart rate • What is the Independent Variable? • What is the Dependent Variable? • What are some controls?

  18. Answers.. • IV = caffeine • DV = heart rate • Controls = same amount of soda, same age people, possibly same gender, same amount of time, or same person

  19. 5. Collect and Measure Data • There are two types of data: • Quantitative = numbers • Qualitative = descriptions • What type of data would… be… • The plant is green • The plant is 2cm tall

  20. 6. Analyze Data • Once you have measured your data, you can arrange it in graphs or tables - This will allow you to see any trends in your data Heart rate Caffeine No Caffeine

  21. Graphs • There are 3 types of graphs: • Line = shows information over TIME • Bar = shows ONE TIME information • Circle/Pie = shows percentages or parts of a whole

  22. 7. Form a Conclusion • You summarize what you discovered in your experiment • You state whether your hypothesis was correct or incorrect • Written in complete sentences! • Ex: A person’s heart rate is higher after drinking a soda containing caffeine than after drinking a soda that does not contain caffeine.

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