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LINGKUNGAN

LINGKUNGAN. Muh Azis Muslim. ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. Personnel Leadership. Research and development. Production and logistics. Marketing and sales. Other companies. HR and HRD/ Human resource management. People are everywhere. LINGKUNGAN.

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LINGKUNGAN

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  1. LINGKUNGAN Muh Azis Muslim

  2. ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Personnel Leadership Research and development Production and logistics Marketing and sales Other companies HR and HRD/ Human resource management • People are everywhere

  3. LINGKUNGAN • Secara umum diartikan sebagai sesuatu yg tdk berhingga (infinit) dan mencakup seluruh elemen yang tdp di luar suatu organisasi • Untuk Analisis, lingkungan adalah seluruh elemen yg tdp di luar batas-batas organisasi, yg mempunyai potensi utk mempengaruhi sebagian ataupun suatu organisasi secara keseluruhan.

  4. An Organization’s Environment • (a) Competitors, industry size and • competitiveness, related issues • (b) Suppliers, • manufacturers, real • estate, services • (c) Labor market, • employment agencies, • universities, training • schools, employees • in other companies, • unionization • (d) Stock markets, • banks, savings and • loans, private • investors • (e) Customers, clients, • potential users of products • and services • (f) Techniques of production, science, • computers, information technology (g) Recession, unemployment rate, inflation rate, rate of investment, economics, growth (h) City, state, federal laws and regulations, taxes, services, court system, political processes (i) Age, values, beliefs, education, religion, work ethic, consumer and green movements (j) Competition from and acquisition by foreign firms, entry into overseas markets, foreign customs, regulations, exchange rates International Context (j) International Sector (a) Industry Sector (i) Sociocultural Sector (b) Raw Materials Sector DOMAIN (c) Human Resources Sector (h) Government Sector ORGANIZATION (g) Economic Conditions Sector (d) Financial Resources Sector (e) Market Sector (f) Technology Sector

  5. Manufacturing Sub-environment Labor Raw Suppliers materials Production equipment Market Sub-environment Customers Advertising Competitors agencies Distribution system Scientific Sub-environment Scientific Research journals centers Professional associations Organizational Departments Differentiate to Meet Needs ofSub-environments President R & D Division Manufacturing Division Sales Division

  6. KETIDAKPASTIAN LINGKUNGAN Pengaruh lingkungan thd organisasi dpt dianalisis melalui 2 dimensi : • Uncertainty (Ketidakpastian) Keadaan dimana pimpinan organisasi tdk mempunyai informasi yg cukup • Complexity (Keragaman) Heterogenitas/banyaknya elemen eksternal yg berpengaruh thd berfungsinya suatu organisasi

  7. Low Uncertainty Low-Moderate Uncertainty • 1. Mechanistic structure; formal, • centralized • 2. Few departments • 3. No integrating roles • 4. Current operations orientation; • low speed response 1. Mechanistic structure; formal, centralized 2. Many departments, some boundary spanning 3. Few integrating roles 4. Some planning; moderate speed response High-Moderate Uncertainty High Uncertainty 1. Organic structure, teamwork; participative, decentralized 2. Few departments, much boundary spanning 3. Few integrating roles 4. Planning orientation; fast response 1. Organic structure, teamwork; participative, decentralized 2. Many departments differentiated, extensive boundary spanning 3. Many integrating roles 4. Extensive planning, forecasting; high speed response Contingency Framework for Environmental Uncertainty and Organizational Responses STABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Uncertainty UNSTABLE SIMPLE COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY

  8. Cara Adaptasi Organisasi • Perubahan Internal (struktur, pola kerja, perencanaan dll) • Menguasai dan mengubah kondisi lingkungan

  9. Struktur Organisasi • Kompleksitas struktur organisasi • Peredam (Buffers) James Thompson menggambarkan organisasi sbg suatu inti teknis peleksana produksi yg dikelilingi oleh sejumlah bagian peredam.

  10. ELEMEN PERBATASAN (BOUNDARY SPANNING) • Elemen perbatasan menghubungkan dan menyelaraskan organisasi thd unsur-unsur penting dari lingkungannya, baik berupa individu maupun organisasi lain.

  11. Fungsi BOUNDARY SPANNING • Mendeteksi & memproses informasi mengenai perubahan yg terjadi • Mempresentasikan organisasi thd lingkungan

  12. CARA MENGUASAI / MENGENDALIKAN LINGKUNGAN • Mengusahakan Hubungan Baik Dengan Elemen Terpenting Organisasi • Integrasi melalui merger • Kontrak/Joint Ventures • Kooptasi & interlocking Directorates • Iklan & Humas

  13. CARA MENGUASAI / MENGENDALIKAN LINGKUNGAN Membentuk Lingkungan Agar Tidak Berbahaya & Menguntungkan Organisasi • Mengubah bidang kegiatan • Kegiatan Politik • Assosiasi pengusaha sejenis

  14. Relationship Between Environmental Characteristics and Organizational Actions Environment Organization Many departments and boundary roles Greater differentiation and more integrators for internal coordination High complexity High uncertainty Organic structure and systems with low formalization, decentralization, and low standardization to enable a high-speed response High rate of change Environmental domain (ten sectors) Establishment of favorable linkages: ownership, strategic alliances, cooptations, interlocking directorates, executive recruitment, advertising, and public relations Resource dependence Scarcity of valued resources Control of the environmental domain: change of domain, political activity, regulation, trade associations, and illegitimate activities

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