Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity

1. Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity P.R. Sinha Country Representative, IUCN India priya.sinha@iucn.org

2. Species Extinction in Past • Five Major Extinctions Documented ( Jack Sepkoski & David M Raup) • Seventeen Lesser Extinctions INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

3. Five Major Extinctions • Cretaceous – Palegene Extinction (66 Ma) • 17 % of all families, 50% of all genera and 75% of all species became extinct. • All non avian Dinosaurs became extinct • Mammals and Birds emerged as dominant land vertebrates INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

4. Triassic-Jurassic Extinction (200 Ma) • 23 % of all families, 48% of all genera and 70%- 75% of all species became extinct. • Most of Archosaurs, most Therapsids, most of large amphibians eliminated. Dinosaur was left with little terrestrial competition. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

5. Permian Triassic extinction (251 Ma) • Largest of all extinctions • 57% of all families 87% of all genera and 90 to 96 % of all species eliminated • Ended primacy of mammal like Reptiles INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

6. Late Devonian Extinction (375-360 Ma) • Was Prolonged. • Eliminated 19%of all families, 50% if all genera and 70% of all species eliminated INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

7. Ordovician Silurian Extinction (450-440 Ma) • Second Largest Extinction • Eliminated 27% of all families, 57% of all genera and 60-70% of all species INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

8. Natural Extinction lead to evolution & emergence of New Species. It is part of evolutionary Process. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

9. Mankind is in Midst of Sixth Extinction • The Sixth Extinction • Flora and Fauna Loss by end of this century between 20 % to 50% • Different from earlier extinctions • Background extinction rate or normal extinction rate eg. one species of bird/400 years INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

10. Convention on Biological Diversity – Aichi Targets • Target 5 – By 2020, the rate of loss of all Natural Habitats is at least halved or brought to zero and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

11. Convention on Biological Diversity – Aichi Targets Cont. • Target 10 – By 2015, multiple anthropogenic pressure on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted climate change are minimized to ensure their ecological integrity and functioning. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

12. Convention on Biological Diversity – Aichi Targets Cont. • Target 15 – By 2020 Ecosystem Resilience is enhanced by restoring degraded ecosystems thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

13. Some Facts on Loss of Biodiversity Due To Climate Change Extinction of • Golden Toad and • Monteverdi harlequin frog first victims of climate change (Nature 398: 611-615) INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

14. Predicted Change on Species INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

16. Climate Change has already made refugees of two communities The Lateu Settlement, Pacific Island chain of Vanuatu & Shimsharef village located in Small island in Alaska . relocated to escape rising sea level and degrading permafrost. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

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18. Consequences of Climate Change on Biodiversity • Change in Species distribution • Change in Reproduction Timing • Change in Growing Season for plants • Increase in extinction rate of species INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

19. Mitigation & Adaptation to Climate Change • Maintaining and restoring native ecosystem • Protecting and enhancing ecosystem services • Managing habitats for endangered species • Establishing network of terrestrial and freshwater and marine protected areas taking into account projected changes in climate. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE

20. Tiger Occupied Landscape Complexes North -East Shivalik Terai Central India Sunderbans Western Ghats Eastern Ghats

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