The Human Body

1. The Human Body

2. Levels of Organization in Humans

3. Human Organ Systems • Skeletal System • Muscular System • Circulatory System • Respiratory System • Digestive System • Nervous System • Reproductive System • Endocrine System • Integumentary System • Excretory System • Lymphatic/Immune System

4. Skeletal System • Structures: Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, tendons • Functions: Supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, provides a site for blood cell formation

5. Makes up the general framework of the body. • Composed of 206 named bones of various shapes and sizes. • Ligaments hold bones together. • Cartilage can be found between many of the bones. This smooth, slightly elastic connective tissue works to cushion the ends of the bones where they bump together at a joint. • Bones are alive and continue to grow until about age 25. • They are hard due to the high concentration of certain minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

6. Human Joints • The joint is the place where two bones meet. • There are two types of joints: • Immovable joints do not permit any movement of the bones. • The suture joints of the skull and the fused bones of the sacrum and coccyx are examples of this type of joint. • Movable joints allow the body to move depending on the type of joint will determine how the joint will move.

7. Movable Joints • Hinge joints • found in knee and elbow • permit back and forth motion in only one direction. • Ball-and-socket joints • The hip and shoulder joints • They permit nearly a full range of motion. • Pivot joint • The joint at the base of the skull • It allows movement of the head in a circular motion. • Gliding joints • The joints of the wrist and ankle. • The many small bones found in the wrist and ankle move slightly over one another permitting movement to occur.

9. ASIMO = Advanced Steps In Mobility http://asimo.honda.com/default.aspx

10. Muscular System • Structures: Skeletal Muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle • Function: Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

11. http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/08muscularsystem.htmlhttp://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/08muscularsystem.html

12. homepage.smc.edu/.../anatomy1/1muscles.html

13. Circulatory System • Structures: heart, blood vessels, blood • Function: Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, fights infections, removes cell wastes, helps to regulate body temperature

16. Respiratory System • Structures: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs • Function: Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

18. One of the main jobs of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen (O2) to the body. • As our bodies work, it uses up oxygen, replacing it with carbon dioxide (CO2).

23. Air enters our lungs through pressure changes. • Inhalation – Diaphragm and related muscles contract, chest expands, air gets pulled in • Exhalation – Muscles relax, elastic cartilage pulls ribs in, chest contracts, air is pushed out of lungs

24. Digestive System • Structures: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum • Functions: Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body, absorbs food, eliminates wastes

26. Nervous System • Structures: Brain, spinal cord. Peripheral nerves • Functions: Recognizes and coordinates the body’s responses to changes in its internal and external environments

29. Reproductive Systems • Structures: • Males-Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis • Females-Ovaries, Fallopian tubes uterus, vagina • Functions: Produces reproductive cells • Males-sperm • Females- eggs, also nurtures and protects developing embryo • Stages development • Sperm & egg unite during fertilization to create a zygote- blastocyst – embryo- fetus- Infant

30. Endocrine System • Structures: Glands- Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (females), testes (males) • Function: Controls growth, development, and metabolism, maintains homeostasis

31. Male Female 1. Pineal gland, 2. Pituitary gland, 3. Thyroid gland, 4. Thymus, 5. Adrenal gland, 6. Pancreas, 7. Ovary, female only 8. Testis, male only

32. Integumentary System • Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands • Functions: Serves as a barrier to regulate body temperatures, provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

34. Excretory System • Structures: Skin, Lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary, bladder, urethra • Functions: Eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis

35. Lymphatic/immune System • Structures: White blood cells, thymus, spleen lymph nodes, lymph vessels • Functions: Helps protect the body from disease. Collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system

36. Lymphatic System • Part of the immune system, which defends the body against infection. • A network of small lymph nodes connected by very thin lymph vessels, which branch into every part of the body except the brain and spinal cord.

37. The major nodes can be found in the neck, armpits, chest, abdomen, pelvis and groin. Other parts of the lymphatic system include the spleen, thymus and bone marrow. • A clear fluid called lymph flows through the lymph vessels. • It contains white blood cells called lymphocytes, special proteins called antibodies, and some waste products. • The lymph fluid passes through the lymph nodes, which filter out bacteria and other harmful things