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Who Needs Vitamin C?

Who Needs Vitamin C? . “Vitamin C is unique…as its essentiality as a nutrient is restricted to only a limited number of exceptional species among phylogenetically higher animals. In other words, nearly all higher animals can synthesize vitamin C…”. 1991. Scurvy. R.I.P. Vitamin C.

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Who Needs Vitamin C?

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  1. Who Needs Vitamin C? “Vitamin C is unique…as its essentiality as a nutrient is restricted to only a limited number of exceptional species among phylogenetically higher animals. In other words, nearly all higher animals can synthesize vitamin C…” 1991

  2. Scurvy R.I.P. Vitamin C

  3. James Lind(1716 – 1799) “…the most sudden and visible good effects were perceived from the use of the oranges and lemons; one of those who had taken them, being at the end of six days fit for duty.” A treatise of the scurvy, 1753

  4. Orangutans Monkeys Guinea Pigs Chimpanzees 1907 Scurvy occurs in guinea pigs. 1957 Scurvy due to lack of enzyme. 1913 Scurvy occurs in other primates. 1934 Vitamin C artificially synthesized. 1933 Vitamin C identified and described. Gibbons Gorillas Tarsiers Evolution is TestableScurvy, Vitamin C, and Common Ancestry 1933: Vitamin C identified and described. 1934: Vitamin C artificially synthesized. 1913: Scurvy occurs in other primates. 1957: Scurvy due to lack of enzyme. 1907: Scurvy occurs in guinea pigs.

  5. enzyme 2 enzyme 3 enzyme 1 D-GLUCURONIC ACID D-GLUCURONIC ACID LACTONE L-GULONO- LACTONE 2-KETO-GULONO- GAMMA-LACTONE L-ASCORBIC ACID D-GLUCOSE Vitamin C Production enzyme 4 “GULO” “VITAMIN C” Prediction: If the ancestors of humans, other higher primates, and guinea pigs originally had the ability to synthesize vitamin C, then each of these species should carry evidence of this lost ability in their genes.

  6. TACCCCGTGGAGGTACGCTTCACTCGCGGGGACGACATCCTGCTGAGCCCC TACCCTGTGGGGGTGCGCTTCACCCGGGGGGACGACATCCTGCTGAGCCCC TAACCGGTGGGGGTGCGCTTCACCCAAGG-GATGACATCATACTGAGCCCC TACCCGGTGGGGGTGCGCTTCACCCAGAG-GATGACGTCCTACTGAGCCCC TACCTGGTGGGGCTACGCTTCACCTGGAG-GATGACATCCTACTGAGCCCC TACCTGGTGGGGGTACGCTTCACCTGGAG-GATGACATCCTACTGAGCCCC GATGACATCATACTGAGCCCC GATGACGTCCTACTGAGCCCC GATGACATCCTACTGAGCCCC GATGACATCCTACTGAGCCCC TGA TGA TGA TGA premature STOP codons TGA premature STOP codon 2-KETO-GULONO- GAMMA-LACTONE L-ASCORBIC ACID GULO-related sequence comparison from exon X COW GUINEA PIG MACAQUE ORANG CHIMP HUMAN GULO-related sequence comparison from exon III COW GUINEA PIG CACTCGCCCTCAGACATCGCCTGCACTGACGGCTTCATGATCCACATGGGC CACTCCCCCTCCGACATTGCCTGAACAGAGGGCATCATGATCCACAGGGGC enzyme 1 enzyme 2 enzyme 3 enzyme 4 “GULO” STOP D-GLUCURONIC ACID D-GLUCURONIC ACID LACTONE L-GULONO- LACTONE D-GLUCOSE

  7. Human Orangutan Macaque Guinea Pig Cow Chimpanzee Deactivation of GULO enzyme

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