Italian and German Unification

1. Italian and German Unification

2. Guiseppe Mazzini • Leader of Young Italy • Influenced by patriotism and nationalism • Revolution of 1848 • Occurred in every major city of Europe • Influenced by both ideas • Goal was to unify Italy

3. Revolutions of 1848 • Were idealistic in nature • No unifying force behind the revolts • Influenced by: • Liberalism • Nationalism • Socialism • All failed.

4. Realpolitk • Politics based on practical and material factors rather that on theoretical or ethical objectives. • Ideas based on realpolitik became the basis for unification after the failure of 1848.

5. Count Cavour • Led unification of Italy • 1810-61 • Prime Minister of Sardinia, 1852-61 • Used a series of wars to create Italy around the Sardinian monarchy

6. Crimean War • 1853-56 • Russia vs. Britain, France, Ottoman Empire and Sardinia • First “modern” war • Ended with a huge peace conference • Sardinia only entered the war when if looked as if the Allies would win

7. French-Sardinian Alliance • France and Sardinia created an alliance as a result of the war. • Goal was to reduce the influence of Austria in Europe. • Agreed to launch a war against Austria. • French leader was Napoleon III.

8. First Phase: Austro-Italian War (1859) • French-Sardinian Alliance: • Goal was to seize Austrian controlled territory in Italy. • Sardinia promised France both Nice and Savoy in order to oust Austria from Lombardy and Venetia. • Napoleon III agreed to this.

9. Napoleon III • French leader 1848-1870 • Easily led in international affairs. Pulled out of alliance when he realized the Sardinian goal. • Kept Nice and Savoy. • Sardinia only got Lombardy. • Sponsored “revolutions” in northern Italy in 1860.

10. Second Phase: Guiseppe Garibaldi • Most northern Italian states “voted” to join Sardinia in 1860. • Guiseppe Garibaldi • 1807-1882 • Leader in the 1848 Revolution • Lead the next phase of unification.

11. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts • Garibaldi formed the Red Shirts • Attacked the Kingdom of Naples (Sicily and southern Italy). • Inspired an uprising. • Cavour’s troops marched in. • November 1860: Sardinia controlled all of Italy except Rome, Venetia, and Trentino.

12. Victor Emmanuel II • King of Sardinia, became the first King of Italy • First Italian Parliament met in 1861. • Used outward for of a constitutional monarchy, run as a major European power

13. Italy 1860 • Gained Venetia in 1866 • Rome: 1870 • Trentino: 1919

14. Realpolitk • Politics based on practical and material factors rather that on theoretical or ethical objectives. • Became the policy followed in German unification.

15. German Unification • Part 1: Economic Unification • German Confederation made up of 38 states • Led to the need for a customs union • Zollverein • Formed 1834 • Demonstrated that economic cooperation was good for business • Made political unification easier

16. Revolutions of 1848 • Influenced by: • Liberalism • Nationalism • Socialism • Revolutionaries in Frankfurt offer the German crown to the King of Prussia • He refuses • Led army to put down the revolution

17. 1848 Revolutions • By 1850 Prussia is the strongest state in Germany • Industrial revolution is underway

18. Otto von Bismarck • Most important figure in German unification • 1815-1898 • Junker (East Prussian aristocratic class) • “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power…the great questions of the day are settled by blood and iron…”

19. Became a diplomat in 1848 • By 1862 he was Chancellor of Prussia • Advised the king to ignore the Reichstag during a constitutional crisis • King wanted to modernize the military, Reichstag didn’t • King ignored them

20. Wars of German Unification • War with Denmark (1864) • Schleswig/Holstein • Alliance with Austria • Seven Weeks War (1866) • Defeats Austria at the Battle of Sadowa (Konigsgratz) • German Confederation ended • North German Confederation formed • By 1867, this controlled by Prussia

21. Napoleon III • Ruler of France 1848-1870 • Elected President 1848 • Seized power in 1852 • Proclaimed the Second French Empire

22. Second French Empire • Restored order in France • France underwent an industrial revolution • Rebuilt cities • Modernized Paris • Began an active campaign of seizing overseas colonies • 1863: Put Maximilian Hapsburg on the throne of Mexico • Conned by Bismarck to stay out of Austro-Prussian War • After 1866, became diplomatically isolated in Europe • Bismarck began to work against him

23. Wars of German Unification • Franco-Prussian War (1870) • Bismarck went out of his way to find a cause to start the war • Fought as a Limited War • Goal was limited, not to destroy Austria, but to get them out of the way • Claim to the throne of Spain was the cause

24. Franco-Prussian War • Ems Dispatch • Needlegun • Destroyed the French army at the Battle of Sedan • Laid siege to Paris

25. Treaty of Frankfurt (1870) • Alsace and Lorraine surrendered to Prussia • France must pay an indemnity • North German completely taken over by Prussia • Southern Germany votes to join with Prussia

26. Kaiser Wilhelm I • German Empire proclaimed at Versailles in 1871 • Germany grew into the industrial powerhouse of Europe • France seething for revenge

27. German Industrial Growth • Kulturkämpf • Bismarck saw the Catholic Church as a threat to his power • Began a campaign to reduce the power of the Church in Germany • Failed • Southern Germany integrated as a full political partner in the Empire

28. German Industrial Growth • Socialism • Saw Socialists as a threat to his power • Began a campaign to get rid of them • Failed • Gave in to their demands to silence them • 40 hour work week • Health insurance • Worker’s compensation • Paid vactions • By 1900, Germany was the best place in the world to be an industrial worker

29. Austria Hungary • Created in 1867 because of a nationalist revolt in Hungary • 2 nations ruled by the same man • Foreign policy and military are run jointly • Ruled by the Emperor Franz Joseph (r. 1847-1917)

30. Franz-Joseph • Hapsburg • Family ruled southeast Europe and the Balkans