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Nationalism Italian and German Unification

Nationalism Italian and German Unification. Italian Unification. Story of three men Giuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart” Camillo Cavour—stateman “The Head” Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword” Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders Austrian Empire and Pope led opposition

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Nationalism Italian and German Unification

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  1. Nationalism Italian and German Unification

  2. Italian Unification • Story of three men • Giuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart” • Camillo Cavour—stateman “The Head” • Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword” • Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders • Austrian Empire and Pope led opposition • Many different visions of a united Italy • Many were apathetic to idea

  3. Nationalism • Movement spread by a secret society—Carbonari(coal-burners) • Influenced by French Revolution • Led revolts in 1820 and 1831 • Giuseppe Mazzini—prophet of Italian Nationalism • Formed new group called Young Italy • Campaigns for national Italian dialect

  4. Unification comes by military and diplomatic means • Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy under Italian control, the Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont

  5. Count Camillo Cavour • Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia • Build Sardinia/Piedmont into modern economically sound state • Clear objectives for Sardinia- Politics of reality • Northern Italy under Sardinia’s control • Not interested in Southern Italy • Too different-poor and agrarian • Establish kingdom as a serious European power • Fights in Crimean war • Negotiates French support in war with Austria

  6. Creation of a Unified Northern Italy • Prompted by Piedmont’s victory over Austria, several Italian revolt. • Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna revolt and vote to join Piedmont. • By 1869, Italy consists of three region, a northern Italian Kingdom, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

  7. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Leader of a guerilla movement • Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts) • Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolution • Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of the Two Sicilies • Cavour now invades the south and “takes” (or is it “unites”?) the prize from Garibaldi.

  8. Unification • By 1861, all of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united. • Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia • Venetia will be added in 1866 • Rome seized in 1870.

  9. Problems after Unification • Italy—poor w/ large illiterate population • Division between church and state • Economic divisions between the North and South • Localism too strong in many areas • Development of local strongmen • Little knowledge of and participation in gov’t

  10. Solutions to problems? • Industry and trade were fostered by govt—transformismo • Improved ag methods dev’d • Gov’t encouraged emigration to US—ease over-popn due to high birthrate • High taxes pd to support growing Army and Navy

  11. German Unification • The last big unification piece of the 19th century • Most important in Europe from 1848 to 1914 • Transformed the economic, military and diplomatic balance of power • The question of German unification would center around the two dominate German speaking countries of the period—Prussia and Austria • After 1848, Prussia was the increasing dominate power.

  12. Otto von Bismarck Comes to dominate Prussian, then German politics from 1962-1890 • Prussian Chancellor from 1862 • One of most remarkable leaders of 19th century • Came from Junker class (noble landlord) in East Prussia • Practiced realpolitik, little faith in liberalism or nationalism. Practical, pragmatic. Any means necessary • Conservative, but willing to work with middle class liberals • Iron and Blood speech(1862)—willing to use force to unify Germany, strengthen Prussia

  13. Early Steps to Unification • Existing Pieces • Zollverein—customs union • Maintained economic links • Excluded Austria • Frankfurt Assembly—Assembly of all German states to exchange ideas • Bismarck needed to establish dominance in the Prussian government • Weaken power of liberals • Issue of taxation for expanded army

  14. Wars of Unification • War with Denmark(1864) • Dispute over Schleswig-Holstein • Supported by Austria • Joint occupation • War with Austria(1866) • Seven Weeks’ War • Provoked war in Schleswig and Holstein • Quickly defeated Austria and German allies • Austria forced to give up role within Germany

  15. North German Confederation • Formation of the North German Confederation • Prussia annexes Hanover, Hesse, Nassau and Frankfurt • Sets up basis of political structures • Appearance of liberalism but in reality a military monarchy • 2 House Legislature-- Bundesrat and Reichstag • Little real power • Liberalism defeated by dream of unification

  16. Franco-Prussian War • In many ways can be viewed as the first shots of World War I. • Napoleon III realizes after Prussian victories in Denmark and Austria that he must prevent German unification. • Bismarck’s goal was to complete unification by bringing into union the Catholic South German states.

  17. Ems Telegram • Bismarck finds an diplomatic issue as excuse for war • Question of member of German Royal Family assuming Spanish throne • France opposes for strategic purposes (encirclement) • Pressures Wilhelm I to refuse • Pushes issue too far • Bismarck edits telegram from Kaiser –makes it appear as a German insult to France • Popular press forces France to declare war on Prussia—matter of honor

  18. War • France is ill-prepared for conflict • Technologically backward compared to Prussia • War was over in 6 months • The states of Southern Germany joined the Northern German Confederation against France. • Prussians strike a devastating defeat on the French at Sedan • Captured 100,000 French troops • Take Napoleon III prisoner

  19. Peace Terms • France forced to pay a humiliating price for defeat • 5 billion franc reparations • Alsace and Lorraine turned over to Germany • Important industrial region of France • Northern France occupied for three years • Plants the seeds for future year • French will vow revenge for embarrassment

  20. Creation of a German Empire • Bismarck and Wilhelm I proclaim a German Empire at Versailles. • Another insult to France • German Princes remained heads of their respective states within the Empire. • Culmination of Bismarck’s activities • Consolidated German Empire: uniform currency and legal code • Suppress Catholics in South: Kulturkampf:restrict church , esp. in ed and clergy

  21. Impact • Fact and manner of German unification produced long term effects on Europe • New German Empire far stronger than Prussia alone • Militarily, economically it is strongest nation in Europe • Blow to European liberalism • New state is a conservative monarchy • Major impact on Balance of Power • France and Austria weakened • Simmering French hatred • Germany will now become a defender of the status quo

  22. Other Actions of Bismarck • Tried to suppress the socialists: • Socialists appealed to urban workers who resented low pay and bad working conditions. • Bismarck tried to suppress them forcibly 1878 w/ anti-socialist laws, but failed. • By the 1880’s, Bismarck began to undermine them by supporting social legislation to gain the support of the workers. • These programs incl. unemployment insurance & workers’ comp., and soc. Sec. payments for retired Germans.

  23. Germany • 1888: William II (defender of divine right) became king and Bismarck remained the chancellor, until he was dismissed by William. • William II did the following: • Built up a strong army & navy • Encouraged industry & commerce • Encouraged imperialism and annexation

  24. Austria-Hungary • Emperor Francis-Joseph tried to solve problems, they were too great for one ruler • Problems faced by the empire included: • The great number of national minorities which were living in the empire • Over-extension of the empire into areas, such as Italy • Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia. • Absolutist, dynastic and agrarian liberal, nationalistic and industrial

  25. Dual Monarchy • Revolts occurred in the Hungarian part of the empire between 1861 & 1867. • Defeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decl. in influence and power • 1867: Ausgleich: • Austria and Hungary under one monarch--Dual Monarchy (Austro-Hungarian empire) • Hungary given control of its own affairs and control over its own minorities, make its own laws • the Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities in regiondoes not give autonomy to other minorities\ • Hungarians recog’d the emperor and accepted common policies for finances & foreign policy. Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914

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