•The crimean war •Italian and german unification

1. Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States •The crimean war•Italian and german unification

2. 1853-1856 Russia vs. the Ottoman Empire France and Britain side with the Ottoman Empire in 1854 Russia loses, forced to give up territories and claims in the Treaty of Paris (1856) The crimean war

3. First “Modern War”? (First covered by war correspondents and photographers) • Russia no longer seemed “invincible” • Period of European instability in the late 19th century • Reforms of the Ottoman Empire • Religious “equity” • Western influence IMPACT OF THE CRIMEAN WAR

4. Europe in 1850

5. Giuseppe Mazzini—leader of Italian nationalists after 1848 • Mazzini and Garibaldi continued to fight guerrilla wars for the Republican cause through the 1850’s • Moderate Italian nationalists • Wanted independence from Austria • Did not want a republic Italian unification

6. Camillo Cavour—politician responsible for making Italy an independent constitutional monarchy (using Machiavelli’s virtù) Italian unification

7. March 1861—Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of Italy New Italy government was corrupt (ruled by bribery and political “favors”) ITALIAN unification

8. Germany in the 1850’s—a loose German Confederation of 39 states who met occasionally as a “diet” in Frankfurt German unification

9. 1861—William I becomes king of Prussia 1862—William I appoints Otto von Bismark Prime Minister German unification

10. The Danish War (1864)—Prussia/Austria’s defeat of Denmark increased Bismark’s popularity. Bismarksupported unificationof Germany. Austro-Prussian War (1866)—eliminates Austria from the German states, leaving only Prussia 1867—Bismark becomes Chancellor of the North German Confederation German unification

11. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)—completes German unification. The new German state, created in 1871, was much more powerful than Prussia had been alone. William I becomes Emperor of Germany Bismark becomes Chancellor, will serve until 1890 GERMAN UNIFICATION