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The Revolution

The Revolution. Chapter 7. Pick A Side. 1/5 th Patriots – New England & VA 2/5 th Loyalists – NY and Carolinas 2/5 th Neutral – Pennsylvania: Quaker pacifists African-Americans fought on both sides depending on who was promising freedom. In the South, more slaves joined the British army.

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The Revolution

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  1. The Revolution Chapter 7

  2. Pick A Side • 1/5th Patriots – New England & VA • 2/5th Loyalists – NY and Carolinas • 2/5th Neutral – Pennsylvania: Quaker pacifists • African-Americans fought on both sides depending on who was promising freedom. In the South, more slaves joined the British army.

  3. Patriot Forces • Most American males served in local militia (protection from Indians) • Patriots seized control of community militias – becomes harder to be neutral • Continental Army – suffered casualty rates as high as 40% • Issues • Shortages of food and pay • Discipline & training

  4. Loyalists • British colonial officials, Anglican clergy, Indians and others • About 50,000 fought for the King and 80,000 fled the country after the war

  5. Early Battles • British want to cut New England off from other colonies • Drive Washington out of NYC and into New Jersey • Christmas Eve Patriot victory at Trenton – Crossing the Delaware River • British strategy fails at Battle of Saratoga

  6. Battle of Saratoga • Ends British strategy • France signs Treaty of Alliance • France helps with naval support and British must withdraw troops from mainland to protect their colonies in Caribbean • Continental ships raid British merchant ships

  7. Valley Forge • Winter of 1777 • Bitter struggle for survival • Unites Patriots

  8. End of War • Britain shifts attention to South • Captures Charleston • Plundering of Americans to feed the army upsets colonists – turns more to Patriots

  9. Battle of Yorktown • Patriots trap British while French close the trap by preventing evacuation by sea • Support of Parliament ends • Peace negotiations begin in 1782

  10. Treaty of Paris 1783 • Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay • Withdrawal of British troops • Land to Mississippi River and fishing rights in Atlantic

  11. Articles of Confederation • One branch – legislative – one house Congress • Every state has one vote • 3/4th must agree for a law • Unanimous approval required for changes to government • Government could not tax • Ratification delayed 3 yrs by MD over western land claims – 8 states ceded land to federal government

  12. Articles of Confederation • Debt • Congress financed the Revolution mainly by issuing $200 million in paper currency • States also issued another $200 million • Runaway Inflation • Need to pay soldiers and also pensions for officers

  13. Newburgh Conspiracy • Army in NY waiting for treaty to be completed before disbanding • Loss of faith in government leads to talk of a military coup • Gen. Washington’s response • "Gentlemen, you will permit me to put on my spectacles, for I have not only grown gray but almost blind in the service of my country." • Shames conspirators into refraining from mutiny

  14. Western Land issues • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Surveyed land in Ohio Valley for sale by government • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • 3-5 states • Banned slavery north of the Ohio River

  15. State Governments • Most had 2 house legislatures, a governor and a court system • States wrote guarantees of freedoms patterned after Virginia’s Declaration of Rights • States abolished aristocratic inheritance customs like primogeniture & entail • Separation of church and state • PA dropped property requirements for voting

  16. Rights of Minorities • Slaves & Free Blacks • PA, MA, CT, NY & NJ abolish slavery by 1805 – gradually dies out in NH & RI • Upper South relaxes ban on emancipation • Free blacks build community of churches, schools • Women • Seen as the educators of patriotic values in children

  17. Economic Woes • Economic depression • Inflation • High prices led to food riots • Britain dumped surplus goods • Lack of hard currency – farmers ask for laws requiring creditors to accept goods and commodities

  18. Shays’ Rebellion • Daniel Shays – MA farmer • Farmers in western MA close courts to prevent foreclosures and imprisonment of debtors • release debtors from prisons • Governor orders militias from eastern MA to put down rebellion • Faced with a strong military presence backed by the state, the rebellion disintegrates • Underlying problems remain & lead some to call for a stronger federal government

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