1 / 32

Positive Psychology: Science of Happiness and Strength 积极心理学：人类繁荣坚韧的科学

Positive Psychology: Science of Happiness and Strength 积极心理学：人类繁荣坚韧的科学. Dr Mark Williams Ph.D. Professor of Positive Psychology Education Shenzhen University      Mobile: (0011 86 755) 13480129331 email: markw.szu@gmail.com web: www. aappi.net. What is Positive Psychology? 积极心理学是什么？.

davin
Download Presentation

Positive Psychology: Science of Happiness and Strength 积极心理学：人类繁荣坚韧的科学

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Positive Psychology: Science of Happiness and Strength 积极心理学：人类繁荣坚韧的科学 Dr Mark Williams Ph.D.Professor of Positive Psychology EducationShenzhen University     Mobile: (0011 86 755) 13480129331email: markw.szu@gmail.comweb: www.aappi.net

  2. What is Positive Psychology?积极心理学是什么？ Positive psychology is the study of optimal positive human functioning. 积极心理学是一门研究人类最佳机能的学科。 Positive human success, strengths, personalities, love, happiness, emotions, thoughts, work, purpose, growth, meaning and behaviour (individually and in community) are scientifically investigated with experiments and surveys. 我们可以通过实验和调查来更加科学地研究人类的成功，力量，爱情，幸福，情感，工作，目的，成长，意义和行为（个人和团体）

  3. Why is Positive Psychology Different? (Shahar, 2007) Traditional psychology concentrates on studying human dysfunction and illness such as depression, anxiety, and fear. 传统心理学主要侧重于人类身体的官能障碍和病痛,如消沉、忧虑和恐惧的研究等。 Positive psychology studies resilient, successful, talented, strong and happy people, communities and organizations. 极心理学是针对成功的,有天赋的和快乐的人群与组织而研究的。

  4. Consider this scientific survey考虑这个科学实验 • At Florida State University, Tim Judge and his colleagues examined the National Longitudinal Study of Youth that began in 1979 with 12,686 participants who were 14‐22 years old which gave information on levels of their resilience and positivity.在佛罗里达州立大学，汤姆詹郅和他的同事研究一个在1979年开始的全国青年纵向研究实验，有12686人参与，参与者大约都是14-22岁且他们提供他们自己应变能力和积极性层面的信息。 • They then surveyed the participants in 2005 to obtain data to calculate annual income at age 50. 接着，他们在2005年调查那些参与者以此来获得的数据来计算50岁人士的年收入。

  5. Resilience, Positivity and Success应变能力，积极性和成功 The results (Judge & Hurst, 2007) suggest that whatever your success at school or university, you are much more successful in life if you have high levels of resilience and positivity. （Judge and Hurst，2007）结果表明，不管你在学校的成功如何，你会在生活中取得更大的成功如果你具有强适应能力和高水平的积极性。 Moreover, good exam scores, many years of schooling, and good SAT scores do not lead to success unless you have a have high level of resilience and positivity. 此外，优秀的考试成绩，多年的教育，良好的SAT成绩如果不能引领你成功那么就是你的适应能力和积极性达不到高的水平。 Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2007).

  6. Positive people tend to get a high income 积极的人更可能得到高收入 High positivity means having high self esteem, self-efficacy, locus of control and emotional control (i.e. factors leading towards high levels of resilience). 高积极性的手段具有高自尊，自我效能，控制和情绪控制（即高弹性的因素，对各级领导轨迹）。 Income at age 50预计收入为50岁 High-positive people 非常积极的人 Low-positive people 积极的人低 Low score 低评分 High score 高分 Grade Point Average at high school 平均成绩在高中

  7. Positivity and Income 积极性和收入 Participants with the same school grades with high positivity made more money than those with low positivity.参与者中有着同样分数的人，有高积极性的将挣得更多。 Participants with a high school score of 2.0, low positivity people made only about $50,100 at age 50, but high positivity people made about $64,620.参与者中学分积点能达到2.0的，低积极性者在50岁时只能挣到$50100，而高积极性者却能挣到$64620. With a high school score of 4.0, low positive participants earned $49,389, while high positives averaged $100,764.参与者中学分积点能达到4.0的，低积极性者只能挣到$49389，而高积极性者却能挣到$100764.

  8. More positive = more money? 更积极=更多的钱? This experiment suggests that if you are highly positive and resilient (high self-esteem, high emotional stability, high locus of control, high self-efficacy) you will tend to get a lot more money no matter how well you do at school. 这个实验表明，如果你是一个高积极性的人（自我评价高，情绪稳定性高，自控性高，自我效率高），不管在学校表现的如何，你往往会赚更多的钱，。 How do you become highly positive and resilient? 怎样让自己变得更积极呢？ That’s what we are doing together in this course. 这就是我们正在做这门课程一起。

  9. High positivity is important in all areas of life 高积极性在生活的各个方面都是很重要的 社区参与 休闲活动 在工作中接触 爱情，婚姻，家庭，朋友 健康 货币收入

  10. Who is he? What did he do? 他是谁？他做了什么？

  11. Prof. Dr. Martin Seligman, 1998 President American Psychological Association, “father” and world leader of Positive Psychology, Director of the Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania

  12. What did he do? 他做了什么？ • Psychologists split into two camps: 心理学家分裂成两个阵营 : • Academic psychology more interested in education and scientific experiments. 学术科学实验心理学对教学和科学性实验更感兴趣。 • Clinical psychologists interested in client therapy for depression and mental disorder. 临床心理学家对治疗更感兴趣。 • Dr. Seligman hoped to bring psychological science and practice together. Dr. Seligman 他希望把心理学和实践统筹在一起。

  13. Young 年轻 ‘Martie’ Seligman • After his Ph.D., he conducted major psychological experiments on animals and then humans during the 1970s - 1980s to investigate clinical depression and helplessness.获得博士学位后，他的心理学实验主要针对动物来进行，然后在1970s-1980s我们人类就调查临床抑郁症和无助感 • Today, with bestselling books, Learned Optimism and Authentic Happiness, Seligman is recognized as the world's preeminent psychological authority on optimism.今天，最畅销的书籍，学习乐观与正宗幸福，塞利格曼是公认的世界上最杰出的乐观心理的权威。

  14. Seligman’s Early Learned Helplessness Experiment 早期习得无助实验, 1967 The first (experimental) set of dogs were placed in a box that continued to give the dog electric shocks until they learned to jump over a bar to a safe place – they could help themselves.第一组狗被放置在一个持续给予电击的箱子里，直到他们学会跳过障碍到安全的地方- --他们能够帮助自己 。

  15. Learned Helplessness 习得性无助 The second (experimental) set of dogs were placed in a box that continued to give them electric shocks for a random period of time – they could not help themselves.在第二组的狗被放置在一个给予随机电击时间长度的箱子里 - 他们也没有能力帮助自己 。 The third set of dogs (control group) sat in a box with no electric shocks. 第三组狗（对照组）放置在一个没有电击的箱子里。 In the final stage of the experiment, all three sets of dogs were placed in boxes which gave electric shocks but the dogs all could jump over to the other side of a partition.在实验的最后阶段，所有三组狗都被放置在盒中，给予电击直到它们跳到障碍的另一边。

  16. Final Stage: Escape 逃生 or Helplessness 无奈 Across a large number of repetitions, in the final stage when all the sets of dogs could jump, the first (experimental) set of dogs quickly jumped over the partition and escaped the shock.通过大量重复实验，在最后阶段当其实所有组的狗都可以逃生时，只有第一组狗能快速跳过了障碍并逃过了电击 The second set of dogs (learned helplessness), did not even try to jump even though they now could, but just lay on the bottom of the box being shocked.第二组的狗(体验到无助） ，甚至没有尝试，尽管他们可以跳 ，只是躺在箱子的底部被电击

  17. The third set of dogs (the control) learned to jump over the partition to escape but not so quickly as the first set.第三组狗（对照组）跳过了障碍并跳脱了电击，但不如第一组快 Only the second group, who had learned to be helpless, did not try to jump to freedom. 只有体验了无助的第二组小狗，没有试图跳出来争取自由。 Final Stage: Escape 逃生 or Helplessness 无奈

  18. Experiments on People 实验以人 Similar experiments with people and annoying sounds show similar results. 人与噪音的类似实验显示出相似的结果 Both animals & humans can learn helplessness.动物与人类都会体验到无助 When faced with situations where they were powerless to change an annoying element, 2 out of 3 would cease trying to change the situation after failure. 当我们面对一个无力改变的烦人的环境时，三分之二的人会在试图改变现状失败后选择放弃 Further, when placed in a new situation with a different annoying element, they would make no attempt to fight even from the beginning.而且，当被置于一个有厌烦因素的环境时，他们甚至会在一开始就放弃争取。

  19. But 1 in 3 Humans refused to be hopeless 三分之一的人拒绝绝望 One in 10 seemed to be born with hopelessness, making no attempt even at the beginning to change an annoying element such as shocks. 十分之一的人似乎与生俱来就是绝望，使得即使在开始就不努力改变烦人的环境，比如说电击 But one in 3 had optimism, shrugging off situations and continuing acting to improve their lot regardless of failure. 但是三分之一的人是乐观的，摆脱烦人局面，继续采取行动来改善他们的生活，无论成功与否 This later result became the focus of Seligman’s research into optimism. 最后的结果成为塞利格曼的对乐观研究的重点.

  20. Seligman’s inspiration 塞利格曼的灵感 • Seligman weeding garden, 5-year old daughter throwing weeds. 塞利格曼在花园除草, 5岁的女儿扔杂草。 • Seligman irritated, yelled at Nikki, who replied: 塞利格曼恼火，大声训斥尼基，尼基却回答： • “Daddy. From when I was 3 until I was 5, I was a whiner. I whined every day. On my 5th birthday, I decided I wasn’t going to whine anymore. That was the hardest thing I’ve ever done. If I can stop whining, you can stop being such a grouch.”“爸爸。从我三岁到五岁，我是牢骚大王。我每天发牢骚。在我第5次的生日，我决定我不会再抱怨了。这是我做过的最难的事。如果我能停止抱怨，你可以不要再这样的闹脾气。”

  21. A Change of Heart 一个内心的变化 • Seligman resolved to change - not to correct his daughter’s shortcomings. 塞利格曼决心改变 –而不是修正他的女儿缺点。 • Instead, he tried raising her to nurture the strength she displayed (social intelligence). 相反，他试图培养她，提高她显示出来的优点（社会智慧）。 • Can psychological science be about identifying and nurturing strengths? 心理科学可以识别和提高优势吗？ • That became his mission as APA president till this day. 这成为了他作为美国心理协会的使命，直至今天。

  22. Positive Psychology uses empirical scientific research 积极心理学利用经验研究

  23. Positive Psychology Journal 幸福日记(10%) (Take booklet from front desk 在讲台小领册子) Every night: Describe, in English or Chinese, 3 good things about the day and also write why you are grateful for I person. 每天晚上：描述，英文或中文都可以，今天发生的三件好的事情、一个你想感谢的人以及感恩的原因。 Every week: Write at least one joke to tell friends and others in class. 每星期：至少写一个笑话，告诉朋友和其他同学。 Week 4 or 11: Write one gratitude letter to parents, family and friends in journal (and then really send letters to the people and talk with them about your letter!). 每第四或十一周：在日记里给父母，亲人和朋友写一封感恩信（然后把信寄给他们，待他们收到后和他们谈论你的信）。

  24. You will need to write about Gratitude Letters in the final test 你们将需要在期末测试中描述感恩信 • I took a long time to write letter. After I give to mother, I think she could never be happier. Most amazing thing is I’m happier too. I understand – when you make someone else happy you become happy. (Dylan) 我花了很长时间写信。当我给妈妈，我想她可能不曾如此快乐。最令人吃惊的是，我更快乐了。我明白 - 当你让别人幸福时自己也会收获快乐。

  25. GROUP PPT: APPLIED POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 应用积极心理学20% In groups of 2-4 students, create a PowerPoint file (each student creates 5 slides with your name on them) applying positive psychology to some area of life – teaching, management, hospitals, uni life, romantic love, friendship, family, money, fame, holidays, sport, coaching, work, career, sales, government, housework, having children, getting married, recovering from failure or illness, small business, or the construction, restaurant, hotel, real estate, advertising, entertainment, banking, airline, driving, supermarket, film and television industries. 2-4个学生一组，创建一个PowerPoint文件（每个学生做5张，署上姓名）将积极心理学应用到一些实践中，比如学校或商业活动当中.

  26. First Individual PPT on Enneagram personality drive and life goals ( 20%) • Each student is to individually create a PowerPoint file of up to 15 slides showing 每人制作一份15页的PPT: • Your Enneagram type with description of your strengths and weaknesses 你的九型人格类型以及你的优势与弱点 • Your SMART goals for 1 year, 3 years, 10 years and lifetime 你的1年,3年，10年以及人生目标。

  27. Individual PPT on Character Strengths and how you will use them in your life ( 20%) • Create a PPT describing your 5 most important Character Strengths according to创建一个PPT描述你根据塞利格曼系统测出的性格优势Peterson’s Seligman’s system at www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu (one slide for each strength)（每一张幻灯片对应一个优势）. • Describe in detail how you are going to use these strengths in your life at SZU and in the future (one slide for each strength).详细说明你将如何把你的优势运用到你的大学生活和未来。（每一张幻灯片对应一个优势）。

  28. Test in Last Class of Semester期末考– 40% Test consisting of 18 short questions written in English during last class. 最后一节课的期末考包括18个英文问答题。 You will be given all except 1 of the questions before the test so you can prepare you answers in English.考试前，您将获得除开一题外的所有测试题，所以你可以提前准备。 You will need to prove to me that you have learned a lot in this course and applied the knowledge to your life. 您需要向我证明你已经学到了很多，这门课程的知识应用到你的生活。

  29. Oxford Happiness Questionnaire "I feel fully mentally alert. 我感觉精神状态敏锐灵活” "I don’t feel particularly pleased with the way I am. 我对我现在的生活方式不是特别的满意" "I do not have particularly happy memories of the past. 我没有什么值得特别高兴的回忆与过去" "I feel that life is very rewarding. 我觉得生活是非常有益的，非常值得的." "I am well satisfied about everything in my life. 我对我生命中的一切感到满意." "I don't think that I look attractive. 我不认为自己有吸引力" "I find beauty in some things. 我能够在某些事物当中发现美." "I can fit in everything I want to.只要我愿意，我能够适应任何事物与环境." 1 = strongly disagree 2 = moderately disagree 3 = slightly disagree 4 = slightly agree 5 = moderately agree 6 = strongly agree. • 2 3 4 5 6 • 2 3 4 5 6 • 2 3 4 5 6 • 2 3 4 5 6 • 2 3 4 5 6 • 2 3 4 5 6 • 2 3 4 5 6 • 1 2 3 4 5 6

  30. Scoring the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Reverse scores in questions 2, 3, 6 (e.g. If you scored 2, make it 5). 在第2，3，6题中，逆向得分。 （例如：在第2，3，6题中，如果你的得分是2，则变成5。） Add normal & reversed scores; Change to percentage by multiplying by 2.083. 把所有分数加起来乘以2.083 We will do this questionnaire at regular intervals in this course to see if the results change. 我们将在本课程中定期做这个问卷，看看结果的变化。

  31. Questions to discuss It is important to study happiness scientifically because … 科学地研究幸福很重要，因为...  Happiness comes from …. 幸福来自于...。  Any of us can raise our baseline levels of happiness by …我们任何一个人可以通过…提高我们的幸福基准水平.  “My personality type leadership strengths are ….” “我性格类型的领导优势是…

  32. References Ben-Shahar, Tal. (2007). Happier: Learn the Secrets to Daily Joy and Lasting Fulfilment. McGraw-Hill: New York Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300 - 319. Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognitions and Emotion, 12, 191–220. Fredrickson, B., Mancuso, R., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24(4), 237 – 258. Jackson, S., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports: The keys to optimal experiences andperformances. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Happiness. (2010, June 21). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 01:54, June 22, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happiness&oldid=369291403 Revonsuo, A. (2007). Psychology and Coaching. Available online: www.his.se/upload/71497/1_PC_Intro.ppt Seligman, M. E. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press. Seligman, M. Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. New York: Pocket Books

More Related