The Agriculture of New Zealand

1. The Agriculture of New Zealand Images from powerpoint clipart.

2. Geography • Group of islands located in South Pacific Ocean • Predominantly mountainous terrain • Lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0m • Highest point: Mount Cook 3764m • Temperate climate with sharp regional contrasts

3. People • Population: 4 million • 0-14 years: 22% • 15-64 years: 66% • 64 years+: 12% • Population growth rate: 1.09% • Life expectancy: 78 years

4. History • Polynesian Maori arrived around AD800 • Ceded sovereignty to Queen Victoria in 1840 • Land wars between 1843-1872 ended with defeat of native peoples • Became independent dominion in 1907

5. Wildlife • No native mammals apart from bats and marine mammals • Virtually all the native insects are found nowhere else • Unique species of birds include kiwi, kakapo and weka • Seven penguin species

6. West-facing… wet!

7. East… dry!

8. Till Glacier Ice

9. Glaciers in Action

10. Glaciers in Action

11. Glacial Flour!

12. Glacial Outwash

13. New Zealand Streams

14. New Zealand Streams

15. New Zealand Caves

16. Origin of Limestone Raw ingredient of limestone is…Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), which forms in seas in a variety of ways.

17. “Dirt is good!” • Carbonic acid (H2CO3) • CO2 (g)  CO2 (aq) • CO2(ag) + H2O • H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-

18. New Zealand Caves

19. New Zealand Caves

20. New Zealand Caves

21. New Zealand… a little bit of everything.

22. Questions to Remember! 1. Are the majority of New Zealand’s agricultural products (both pastoral and horticultural) used within the local markets of New Zealand or exported abroad? 2. What is New Zealand’s top agricultural exporter in terms of bringing home the money? 3. Why are the kiwifruit again being renamed by New Zealanders, and what is the new name? 4. How can New Zealand afford to compete against three huge competitors in the apple growing market?

23. Some definitions so we all are on the same page! Agricultural products: those products that are both pastoral and horticultural Pastoral products: livestock (ex: sheep, cattle, venison) and livestock products (ex: wool, milk, meat) Horticultural products: grains, fruits, vegetables, and their respective products

24. A Brief History of Early Maori Agriculture The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand Drawing By: Louis August de Sainson in 1839 “His first glimpse of Maori farmers upon arriving in New Zealand with the French navigator D’Urville.”

25. Skilled agriculturalists that cultivated plants brought from the tropics: • Kumara • Taro roots • Yams • Gourds • Paper mulberry Kumara- a type of sweet potato- was their major crop and most valued. http://www.kumara.co.nz/

26. Planting, tending, and harvesting called for rituals. - incantations to Pani, mother of Rongo God of Food Plants - first tuber of kumara each season laid aside for Rongo Image of Rongo at Walt Disney’s Tiki Room

27. Then came the European settlers (Pakeha). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand Painting by: Samuel Brees in 1847

28. - Europeans brought potato with them. -planted later and harvested earlier than kumara - Maoris fed early settlers and took part in the growth and export of potatoes and grain to Australia. - Europeans repaid Maoris by fighting them for their lands in the Land Wars of the 1860s. -along with lowered prices of exports, land wars brought this era of cooperative farming to an end

29. Early Animals Captain James Cook brought in: -sheep -pigs -goats -geese -other fowl Images from powerpoint clipart.

30. Samuel Marsden brought more sheep, cattle, and horses to the Bay of Islands from New South Wales (Australia). Images from powerpoint clipart.

31. Exportation of New Zealand’s Products New Zealand exports many agricultural products including but not limited to: -dairy products -meats (lamb, venison, beef) -wool -grains (wheat, barley, some oats) -fruits (kiwifruit, apples, pears) Much of New Zealand’s agricultural products are exported and account for over (NZ$) 60 million of the total GDP.

32. UK USA Japan China Australia http://www.maproom.psu.edu/graphics2/dcw/ Major Exportation Destinations

33. New Zealand’s top agricultural producer that brings in the most money per year is the dairy products’ industry. It brought in (NZ$) 5.5 billion in 2004; totaling 19% of all exports. Images from powerpoint clipart.

34. Lamb is New Zealand’s most widely exported meat.

35. Livestock of New Zealand (yellow on map = pastoral area of livestock) (red areas = land used in dairy production) -sheep and lamb -cattle: dairy and beef -venison -chickens -pigs -others land cover map from MAF

36. Sheep and Lamb Sheep population in 2004 = 39.3 million. 21 million sheep were on the South Island alone. Canterbury region = top lamb producer in 2004. Most sheep stations are found on the South Island. -sheep can survive in difficult terrain here

37. Meat or Wool? Most sheep and lambs are raised for their meat because they have been bred to be a more hearty breed to survive the difficult terrain of the South Island so their wool is more coarse and too strong in fiber. http://www.maf.govt.nz/statistics/primaryindustries/livestock/slideshow/tour4.htm

38. Cattle: Dairy Estimated at 5.2 million head (individuals) in 2004. Waikato, Taranaki, and Canterbury are the top 3 dairy producing regions of New Zealand. http://www.innz.co.nz/accommodation/

39. Cattle: Beef 4.4 million head in 2004 Beef and veal = 40% of NZ meat/ meat products exported Two major breeds = Angus and Hereford Beef cattle often grazed in association with sheep now. Hereford Cattle

40. Venison (Deer) New Zealand is the major world supplier of venison. 1.8 million estimated to be farmed in 2004 Produced primarily for meat. New Zealand venison farm

41. Pigs and Chickens Pigs are mainly raised for New Zealand’s domestic market and had a population estimation of 355,000 in 2003. Chickens number in the low millions. -increase of New Zealander’s eating poultry lately with an average person eating about 40 kg in 2005 Chickens in New Zealand New Zealand pigs

42. Horticulture and New Zealand Main produce: -kiwifruit -apples, pears, and other fruits -wheat -barley, oats, other crops Horticultural exports were valued at (NZ$) 2.2 billion in 2004.

43. Kiwifruit (aka Chinese Gooseberry) Primarily grown in the Bay of Plenty region on the North Island. New Zealand began exporting kiwifruit around the world in the 1970s. Images from powerpoint clipart.

44. Apples Compete at harvest time against three huge apple growing nations: -South Africa -Argentina -Chile Images from powerpoint clipart. Grow new varieties: Royal Gala, Fuji, Braeburn, Pacific Rose, and Southern Snap.

45. Other fruits Pears have also been an export for years. Exotic fruits also grown in New Zealand (local markets and personal use only): -feijoa -babaco Slow growing evergreen shrub. http://personales.mundivia.es/schrader_gomera/feijoa.htm botany.cs.tamu.edu/ FLORA/dcs420/fa04/fa04005.jpg Hybrid of the pawpaw. http://aniconic.org/journal/ec-dialup/page08a.html http://www.communitygarden.org.au/ideas/fruits/babaco.html

46. Vegetable Industry Fresh vegetable exports: -tomatoes -potatoes -onions -squash -carrots and baby carrots -asparagus Frozen vegetable exports: -peas -corn -mixed vegetables -tomato products -dried peas Images from powerpoint clipart.

47. Grain Industry Grain planted in 2002 covered: -53k hectares for wheat (decreased from 2001) -70k hectares for barley (increased from 2001) -15k hectares for maize (decreased from 2001) Other arable seed crops: -pea seed, clover seed, and ryegrasses also decreased in 2002 from the previous year. Images from powerpoint clipart.

48. Agricultural research is still the major area of scientific research in New Zealand. Images from powerpoint clipart.

49. 1. Are the majority of New Zealand’s agricultural products used in New Zealand or exported abroad? Images from powerpoint clipart. exported abroad and account for (NZ$) 60 million of the GDP

50. 2. What is New Zealand’s top agricultural exporter in terms of bringing home the money? Images from powerpoint clipart. the dairy industry with its related products (even outshines the wool industry!)