RHIC Detector Upgrades Science, Scope, Strategy

1. RHIC Detector Upgrades Science, Scope, Strategy T. Ludlam New Frontiers at RHIC Oct. 30, 2005

2. The RHIC Detectors

3. RHIC polarized proton accelerator complex RHIC pC Polarimeters Absolute Polarimeter (H jet) BRAHMS PHOBOS Siberian Snakes Siberian Snakes PHENIX STAR Spin Rotators (longitudinal polarization) Spin flipper Spin Rotators (longitudinal polarization) Solenoid Partial Siberian Snake Pol. H- Source LINAC BOOSTER Helical Partial Siberian Snake AGS 200 MeV Polarimeter AGS Internal Polarimeter Rf Dipole AGS pC Polarimeters Strong Helical AGS Snake

4. Summary of RHIC Runs 1-5 Note: delivered Lum. is summed over all expts. Delivered Luminosity; Physics Weeks

5. Major Achievements with RHIC 2001 - present • Four experiments: BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS, STAR • Complementarity and concordance among their results is a hallmark of the program • Tremendous scientific impact • Hundreds of publications; thousands of citations • 3- year retrospective “white papers” published by each of the 4 experiments • Major discoveries have changed the view of high energy nuclear physics: • Jet Quenching • Gluon saturation/Color Glass Indications • “Near-Perfect-Liquid” behavior • Significant experimental advances • Hard Scattering Auto-generated probes • Fully calibrated comparison data • p-p, d-Au, Au-Au under identical conditions • First high energy polarized proton collider

6. The Big Questions • QCD at High Temperature and Density: • What are the properties of quark-gluon matter above TC? • Is chiral symmetry restored? • Viscosity? Conductivity? • What is the physics of superdense, strongly-interacting matter? • QCD at High Energy and low x: • Is the initial state a Color Glass Condensate? • What is the physics of strong color fields? • QCD and the structure of hadrons: • What is the origin of nucleon spin? RHIC II Science Working Groups: www.bnl.gov/physics/rhicIIscience RHIC II Science Workshop Nov. 11-12

7. Where do We Go from Here… • Key Measurements • Hard Probes: created early in the collision and propagate through the medium. Their interactions with the medium help characterize its properties • High Pt particles and jet fragmentation • Heavy quarkonia (J/, ’, c and Upsilon (1s, 2s, 3s) • Open charm and bottom • Electromagnetic Probes: direct information from the medium • Low-mass e+e- pairs and Thermal radiation • Polarized proton collisions: • W-production at s1/2 = 500 GeV for sea quark flavor selection • Facility Operation • Systematic species and energy scansThis has proved crucial! • Balance of Running RHIC and investing in upgrades

8. Where Do We Stand Now? Four Detectors Two Large Detectors • Machine Goals for Next Few Years: • Enhanced Ion luminosity (112 bunches, b* = 1m): 2x achieved • Au – Au: 8  1026 cm-2 s-1 (100 GeV/nucleon) • For protons: 2  1011 protons/bunch (no IBS): 6x achieved 150  1030 cm-2 s-1; 70 % polarization (250 GeV) EBIS Construction funded in FY 2006. Operational in 2010 Significant funding from NASA Short-term detector upgrades underway Spin Program poised for definitive measurements:

9. Cooling Solenoid (26 m, 2-5 T) Gold beam Buncher Cavity Debuncher Cavity e-Beam Dump Rf Gun Linac RHIC II Luminosity Upgrade with Electron Cooling Gold collisions (100 GeV/n x 100 GeV/n): w/o e-cooling with e-cooling Ave. store luminosity [1026 cm-2 s-1] 8 70 Pol. Proton Collision (250 GeV x 250 GeV): Ave. store luminosity [1032 cm-2 s-1] 1.5 5.0 R&D in Progress: proof-of-principle expected in 2006

10. A Long Term Strategic View ~2012 2008 RHIC II Construction RHIC Luminosity upgrade Short term upgrades eRHIC Constr. Midterm Upgrades E beam + new detector RHIC Spin LHC Heavy Ion

11. The Mid-Term Challenge Extend the reach of the RHIC facility to address key questions in the coming 5-6 years… Requires improved machine performance and significant running time Requires enhanced capability for PHENIX and STAR Complement the early results from LHC Heavy Ion running Set the stage for RHIC II

12. Major Physics Measurements Required Upgrades Heavy Ion: e-pair mass spectrum “Hadron Blind” Dalitz pair rejection Open charm measurements in AA High Resolution vertex detection Charmonium Spectroscopy High luminosity; precision vertex, particle ID Jet Tomography High luminosity; High-rate DAQ; particle ID Monojet in d-Au particle detection at forward rapidity PM: 2010 PM: 2010 PM: 2012 Spin: Complete initial G/G measurement No upgrades needed Transversity measurement Forward particle measurement W measurements at 500 GeV Forward tracking/triggering in PHENIX and STAR PM: 2008 PM: 2013 *DOE performance milestones set by NSAC

13. signal electron Cherenkov blobs e- partner positron needed for rejection e+ qpair opening angle Full scale prototype  e+ e - po   e+ e - “combinatorial pairs” Low-Mass e+e- Pairs A Hadron-Blind detector for PHENIX total background S/B ~ 1/500 ~ 1 m Irreducible charm background all signal charm signal Engineering run FY 06 Operational FY 07

14. Flavor tagging at large PT MRPC Time of Flight Barrel in STAR 23,000 channels covering TPC & Barrel Calorimeter Construction FY 06 – FY 08 Significant contribution from China

15. Precision Vertex Detectors Direct Observation of Charm and Beauty STAR Heavy Flavor Tracker: 2 layers CMOS Active Pixel sensors PHENIX VTX: Barrel– 4 layers, Si pixels and strips End Caps: 4 layers Si mini-strips Significant funding from Japan

16. Low-x Physics: Color Glass; gluon density Forward Upgrades .001 < x < 0.1 in Au-Au, d-Au PHENIX: Nose Cone Calorimeter STAR: Forward Meson Spectrometer

17. Forward Silicon Tracker Inner Silicon Tracker Heavy Flavor Tracker W Physics Upgrades STAR Forward Tracking Upgrade PHENIX Muon Trigger GEM layer on endcap Resistive Plate Chambers Funded by NSF

18. A timeline for physics operation, detector upgrades, machine evolution pp 200 Ion Run? Ion scan pp 200 d-Au 200 pp 200/500 High statistics Au Au; 500 GeV Spin Runs Short-term upgrades: HBD, TOF, DAQ, FMS, Muon Trigger Mid-Term Upgrades: Vtx detectors, NCC, forward tracking RHIC II Construction Machine and detector R&D; continued luminosity improvements LHC Heavy Ion Program

19. RHIC Mid-Term Strategic Plan PHENIX STAR RHIC II Forward Nose Cone Calorimeter Mu Trigger FMS STAR forward tracking VTX PHENIX & STAR VTX upgrades TOF PID HBD Hi Rate DAQ 1000 PHENIX + STAR e-pair spectrum Mono-Jet Jet Tomography LHI Open Charm U+U Heavy Ion Luminosity LP4 G/G Transversity and P-V W± prod. SPIN F.O.M. EBIS RHIC II CD-0 CD-1 CD-2 CD-3 CD-4

20. Will there be a major New Detector for RHIC II? This is not part of the mid-term plan • Plans are afoot for a dedicated new detector for eRHIC • It is very possible, even likely, that the “QCD Lab” will require a new detector to exploit HI collisions in the eRHIC era.

21. The Long Term Vision: RHIC as a QCD Laboratory • eRHIC: DIS at collider energies • e-A at 63 GeV/u • Polarized e-p at 100 GeV • L ~ 1033 cm-2 sec-1 • RHIC Spin: Strongly interacting probes • A-A: QGP physics at RHIC II luminosities

22. Realizing the Vision: Mid Term View Phased implementation of key upgrades for PHENIX and STAR, plus EBIS, over the next 5-6 years. Annual data runs during this period will exploit these upgrades for critical advances in the Heavy Ion and Spin physics programs— Along with continued improvements in machine performance. With the help of funding and collaborative resources outside of DOE, this strategy appears possible within a “constant effort” budget scenario based on FY 05 levels. Two large detectors well equipped for RHIC II physics Fast-track RHIC II luminosity upgrade (e-cooling) along technically-driven schedule Success will require a concerted effort to define and focus the science objectives